Production of Synthetic Resins

Production of these resins also falls into two groups because there are, in general, two main types of chemical reaction by which they are made polycondensation and polymerisation . 

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Formaldehyde has hundreds of uses. Its largest use is in the production of synthetic resins. Many formaldehyde resins are hard plastics used in molding and laminates. Formaldehyde resins are used to treat textiles to make them wrinkle-free. It is also used to produce adhesives, which are used extensively in the production of plywood and particleboard. Other common uses are as disinfectants, fungicides, and preservatives. Formalin has been the traditional embalming fluid used in the mortuary industry for the last century. Formaldehyde is also used in papermaking, textile production, and fertilizers. 

Thiourea is used with formaldehyde on a large scale for the production of synthetic resins. It can also be used to produce excellent mirrors of galena on glass. 

Cresols are rapidly absorbed thru the skin causing severe burns (Ref 6). They are used as disinfectants, flotation agents ink, paint varnish removers lube oil additives, organic intermediates, and for the production of synthetic resins (Ref 7)... 

Propionaldchvde and butyraidehyde have never achieved the importance of the other two aldehydes They are used chiefly as intermediates in production of synthetic resins, sol-venlh, plasticizer, and rubber accelerators Propiunnldchyde will become increasingly available as a by-product if oxidation of propylene to propylene oxide goes commercial. Bu tyraidehyde is produced from crotonaldchyrtc or butyl alcohol. 

Formaldehyde is an important industrial chemical for the production of synthetic resins. These resins are applied primarily as adhesives in the production of a large number of consumer products and construction materials that end up in homes. Other sources of indoor formaldehyde include urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, textile additives, as well as combustion and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is one of the many VOCs present indoors and it is considered the most abundant among them. It has important toxic effects in the 0.1-5 ppm concentration range. 

Tetrabromobisphenol A, a brominated analog of Bisphenol A, is an important nonflammable additive in the production of synthetic resins, polycarbonates and plastics, used in the manufacture of computer and electronic housings, laminated electronic circuit boards, carpets, upholstery and many other consumer goods . Tetrabromobisphenol A is used as a flame retardant to a much larger extent than its chlorinated analog tetrachloro-bisphenol... 

Butyraldehyde is used mainly as an intermediate in the production of synthetic resins, rubber vulcanization accelerators, solvents, and plasticizers. It reacts with polyvinyl alcohol to form polyvinyl butyral which is used as an interlayer for safety glass as well as for coating fabrics. Isobutyraldehyde is used as a solvent or plasticizer in the plastics industry, or as a raw material in the synthesis of isobutyl alcohol, methacrylic acid, neopentyl glycol, etc. 

Figure 3. Production of synthetic resins and cellulosics (Including surface coatings in 1958)...

Concentrated wastewaters with high BOD5 values (of the order of units of g 1, e.g. from the production of synthetic resins, extraction of caprolactam, sulphite waste liquors) must be sufficiently diluted before biological treatment. 

Application Formaldehyde as a liquid solution of 37 wt%-55 wt% is primarily used in the production of synthetic resins in the wood industry and as feedstock for a wide variety of industrially important chemical compounds. 

Uses. Furfuryl alcohol is widely used as a monomer in manufacturing furfuryl alcohol resins, and as a reactive solvent in a variety of synthetic resins and appHcations. Resins derived from furfuryl alcohol are the most important appHcation for furfuryl alcohol in both utihty and volume. The final cross-linked products display outstanding chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. They are also heat-stable and remarkably resistant to acids, alkaUes, and solvents. Many commercial resins of various compositions and properties have been prepared by polymerization of furfuryl alcohol and other co-reactants such as furfural, formaldehyde, glyoxal, resorcinol, phenoHc compounds and urea. In 1992, domestic furfuryl alcohol consumption was estimated at 47 million pounds (38). 

The economic importance of copolymers can be cleady illustrated by a comparison of U.S. production of various homopolymer and copolymer elastomers and resins (102). Figure 5 shows the relative contribution of elastomeric copolymers (SBR, ethylene—propylene, nitrile mbber) and elastomeric homopolymers (polybutadiene, polyisoprene) to the total production of synthetic elastomers. Clearly, SBR, a random copolymer, constitutes the bulk of the entire U.S. production. Copolymers of ethylene and propylene, and nitrile mbber (a random copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile) are manufactured in smaller quantities. Nevertheless, the latter copolymers approach the volume of elastomeric butadiene homopolymers. 

S. D. Dzhanakhmedova, E. I. Pryanikov, S. A. Sulejmanova, K. K. Mamedov, E. G. Dubrovina, N. M. Indyukov, and A. B. Sulejmanov. Composition for preventing asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits—contains waste from production of synthetic glycerine, in mixture with polyacrylamide. Patent SU 1761772-A, 1992. 

Dextran is the first microbial polysaccharide produced and utilized on an industrial scale. The potential importance of dextran as a structually (and property) controlled feedstock is clearly seen in light of the recent emphasis of molecular biologists and molecular engineers in the generation of microbes for feedstock production. Dextran is employed as pharmaceuticals (additives and coatings of medications), within cosmetics, as food extenders, as water-loss inhibitors in oilwell drilling muds and as the basis for a number of synthetic resins. 

Reaction mixtures are transferred from one piece of equipment to another by pumping, particularly if the production unit includes wooden vats or vessels made of synthetic resins, which may not be pressurized. Steel vessels, on the other hand, allow transport by air or nitrogen pressure. 

Phenol is both a man-made chemical and produced naturally. It is found in nature in some foods and in human and animal wastes and decomposing organic material. The largest single use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins. However, it is also used in the production of caprolactam (which is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 and other synthetic fibers) and bisphenol A (which is used in the manufacture of epoxy and other resins). Phenol is also used as a slimicide (a chemical toxic to bacteria and fungi characteristic of aqueous slimes), as a disinfectant, and in medicinal preparations such as over-the-counter treatments for sore throats. Phenol ranks in the top 50 in production volumes for chemicals produced in the United States. Chapters 3 and 4 contain more information. 

Natural stone, such as granite, sandstone, limestone, and slate, is a very limited resource but provides a very durable building material. Reconstituted stone products are made using stone dust from quarrying operations, bonded with cement or synthetic resins. Synthetic stone is made from minerals such as sand and ash bonded with synthetic resins. More energy is required to produce a reconstituted or synthetic product than to use stone in its natural state, and the production of the resins used can cause pollution. 

Phenol is produced through both natural and anthropogenic processes. It is naturally occurring in some foods, human and animal wastes, and decomposing organic material, and is produced endogenously in the gut from the metabolism of aromatic amino acids. Phenol has been isolated from coal tar, but it is now synthetically manufactured (EPA, 2002). Currently, the largest use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins, which are used in the plywood, adhesive, construction, automotive, and appliance industries. Phenol is also used in the production of synthetic fibers such as nylon and for epoxy resin precursors such as bisphenol-A. 

The bulk of polyester production in the United States has gone to the synthetic coatings field in the manufacture of glyptal resin coatings and varnishes, with production between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 pounds in the postwar years. A recent development has been the use of polyester-styrene copolymers reinforced by Fiberglas for the manufacture of items such as low-pressure molded boats, corrugated structural sheet, and plastic pipe. The 1947 requirements for glycerol in the production of polyester resins and... 

Manufacturing of synthetic resin and plastic products CATEGORY ORANGE... 

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