Product of hydrocarbons and

Navarro-GonzAlez R. el al. (2001). Production of Hydrocarbons and Nitriles by Electrical Processes in Titan s Atmosphere, Adv. Space Research 27(2) 271-282. 

Because the synthesis gas produced from coal is generally relatively poor in hydrogen, a typical CO H2 ratio being ca. 1 1, and because, as can be seen from Eqs. (14) and (15), a hydrogen-rich gas is required for the production of hydrocarbons and chemicals, a hydrogen enrichment step is usually necessary for the Fischer-Tropsch process. 

Peroxyl radicals were identified as products of hydrocarbon and polymer oxidation by an 03 02 mixture and were proved by EPR spectroscopy [118,119]. 

Several compounds were also found to have a seasonal distribution. Kubatova et al. (2002) found that concentrations of lignin and cellulose pyrolysis products from wood burning were higher in aerosol samples collected during low-temperature conditions. On the other hand, concentrations of dicarboxylic acids and related products that are believed to be the oxidation products of hydrocarbons and fatty acids were highest in summer aerosols. PAHs, which are susceptible to atmospheric oxidation, were also more prevalent in winter than in summer. These results suggest that atmospheric oxidation of VOCs into secondary OAs and related oxidative degradation products are key factors in any OA mass closure, source identification, and source apportionment study. However, additional work is much desirable to assess the extent and seasonal variation of these processes. 

We should caution that the above concept of the genetic relationship between kerogens and asphaltenes differs from the more historic view that asphaltenes are condensation and/or alteration products of hydrocarbons and resins. Certainly, in some petroleum processing treatments and probably at higher maturation levels in nature, various reactions do form new products with asphaltene solubility characteristics. These new condensation products may be regarded as altered asphaltenes and intermediates in the coke or pyrobitumen formation process (62-64)- Contamination of original asphaltenes by subsequently formed or altered products, of course, will result in a less definitive correlation between an asphaltene and its source kerogen. 

The Fischer-Tropsch process utilises CO as a carbon source, with H2 as the reductant, for the production of hydrocarbons and oxygenates, especially in times of hmited crude oil supply (CO may be derived from methane or coal). Fischer-Tropsch systems do not, however, give carbocychc products, nor homologate CO under mild conditions (pressures typically used are >300 bar and temperatures >500 °C, in conjunction with either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts [96]). Carbocycles often form the backbone of many pharmaceutical drugs, therefore a catalytic process that could synthesise them from a non-crude oil source (e.g. CO) under mild or even... 

Table 3 presents the liquid phase results in the CO hydrogenation over ZnO and 5%Au/ZnO. Small quantities of liquid products were collected for both cases. For ZnO, the products include mixed alcohols, C5 to C23 hydrocarbons and wax. The 5%Au/ZnO produces the mixed alcohol products only. The calculation of alcohol and hydrocarbon phases was carried out separately for the purpose of a direct comparison. The observed results suggest that the presence of Au suppresses the activity of the catalyst for the production of hydrocarbons, and also it shifts the selectivity towards higher alcohols. 

Dayananda C, Sarada R, Rani MU, Shamala TR, Ravishankar GA Autotrophic cultivation of Botryocoaus braunii for the production of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides in various media. Biomass Bioenergy 31(1) 87-93, 2007. 

The reduction proceeds selectively without the production of hydrocarbons and isomerization or hydrogenation of double bonds. Extensive safety measures are required due to the large quantity of metallic sodium used. The process was used until the 1950s to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols, especially oleyl alcohol from sperm oil. These alcohols can now be produced by selective catalytic hydrogenation processes using cheap raw materials, and the sodium reduction process is of interest only in special cases. 

Fe, Co and Ru, are catalysts for the production of hydrocarbons and long chain alcohols ... 

The annual capacity of DCPD production for all grades in the United States is estimated to be in excess of 350 million pounds in 1999. The major US. producers are B. F. Goodrich Co., Equistar Chemicals (a joint venture of Lyondell Petrochemical, Milennium Chemicals, and Occidental Petroleiun Co.), Exxon Chemical Co., Phillips Petroleum Co., Shell Oil Co., Texmark Chemicals, and Velsicol Chemical Corp. The major consumptions of DCPD in the United States are in the production of hydrocarbon and imsaturated polyester resins (80%), ethylene-propylene terpolymers (10%), reaction injection molding (5%), and miscellaneous uses (5%). The last includes flame retardants, pesticides, antioxidants, and metallocene catalyst production. The demand for DCPD will grow in a rate of 4% per year in the next several years. 

FIGURE 16.4 A fermentation process for the production of hydrocarbons and other organics by biochemically catalyzed reaction of simple sugars. 

H. Kolbel and K. D. Tillmetz, Process for the production of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds and catalysts therefor, US patent no. 4177203, 1979. 

The economic lifetime was introduced in Section 13.3, and was defined as the point at which the annual cashflow turned permanently negative. This is the time at which income from production no longer exceeds the costs of production, and marks the point when decommissioning should occur, since it does not make economic sense to continue to run a loss-making venture. Technically, the production of hydrocarbons could continue beyond this point but only by accepting financial losses. There are two ways to defer decommissioning ... 

The simpler nitrop>arafIins (nitromethane, nitroethane, 1- and 2-nitroproj)ane) are now cheap commercial products. They are obtained by the vapour phase nitration of the hydrocarbons a gaseous mixture of two mols of hydrocarbon and 1 mol of nitric acid vapour is passed through a narrow reaction tube at 420-476°. Thus with methane at 476° a 13 per cent, conversion into nitro methane is obtained ethane at 420° gives a 9 1 mixture of nitroethane (b.p. 114°) and nitromethane (b.p. 102°) propane at 420° afifords a 21 per cent, yield of a complex mixture of 1- (b.p. 130-6°) and 2-nitropropane (b.p. 120°), nitroethane and nitromethane, which are separated by fractional distillation. 

Almost any hydrocarbon can serve as a starting material for production of ethylene and propene Cracking of petroleum (Section 2 16) gives ethylene and propene by processes involving cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons... 

Acetaldehyde, first used extensively during World War I as a starting material for making acetone [67-64-1] from acetic acid [64-19-7] is currendy an important intermediate in the production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride [108-24-7] ethyl acetate [141-78-6] peracetic acid [79-21 -0] pentaerythritol [115-77-5] chloral [302-17-0], glyoxal [107-22-2], aLkylamines, and pyridines. Commercial processes for acetaldehyde production include the oxidation or dehydrogenation of ethanol, the addition of water to acetylene, the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, and the direct oxidation of ethylene [74-85-1]. In 1989, it was estimated that 28 companies having more than 98% of the wodd s 2.5 megaton per year plant capacity used the Wacker-Hoechst processes for the direct oxidation of ethylene. 

Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons and catalytic oxidation of isopropyl alcohol have also been used for commercial production of acetone. 

The principal steps in the mechanism of polyisoprene formation in plants are known and should help to improve the natural production of hydrocarbons. Mevalonic acid, a key intermediate derived from plant carbohydrate via acetylcoen2yme A, is transformed into isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) via phosphorylation, dehydration, and decarboxylation (see Alkaloids). IPP then rearranges to dimethylaHyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). DMAPP and... 

With this type of burner, a wide variety of raw materials, ranging from propane to naphtha, and heavier hydrocarbons containing 10—15 carbon atoms, can be used. In addition, the pecuhar characteristics of the different raw materials that can be used enable the simultaneous production of acetylene and ethylene (and heavier olefins) ia proportioas which can be varied within wide limits without requiring basic modifications of the burner. 

The Texaco process was first utilized for the production of ammonia synthesis gas from natural gas and oxygen. It was later (1957) appHed to the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oils. This appHcation has had the widest use because it has made possible the production of ammonia and methanol synthesis gases, as well as pure hydrogen, at locations where the lighter hydrocarbons have been unavailable or expensive such as in Maine, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Norway, and Japan. 

Manufacture of Monomers. The monomers of the greatest interest are those produced by oligomerization of ethylene (qv) and propylene (qv). Some olefins are also available as by-products from refining of petroleum products or as the products of hydrocarbon (qv) thermal cracking. 

Production of Hydrocarbons from Turpentine. In 1993, U.S. production of cmde turpentine was over 128 million liters at an average price of 0.21 /kg and includes cmde sulfate turpentine and turpentine from thermomechanical processes (5). In the same year, over 5.9 million Hters of gum, wood, or sulfate turpentine was imported into the United States, with the majority coming from Canada exports from the United States amounted to 6.16 million liters. 

Wax usually refers to a substance that is a plastic solid at ambient temperature and that, on being subjected to moderately elevated temperatures, becomes a low viscosity hquid. Because it is plastic, wax usually deforms under pressure without the appHcation of heat. The chemical composition of waxes is complex all of the products have relatively wide molecular weight profiles, with the functionaUty ranging from products that contain mainly normal alkanes to those that are mixtures of hydrocarbons and reactive functional species. 

This is the reverse of the water-gas shift reaction in the production of hydrogen and ammonia (qv). Carbon dioxide may also be reduced catalyticaHy with various hydrocarbons and with carbon itself at elevated temperatures. The latter reaction occurs in almost all cases of combustion of carbonaceous fuels and is generally employed as a method of producing carbon monoxide. 

An interesting development in the use of metal carbonyl catalysts is the production of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molten solution of sodium chloride and aluminum chloride with It4(CO) 2 a catalyst yields a mixture of hydrocarbons. Ethane is the primary product (184). 

Tetrachloroethylene was first prepared ia 1821 by Faraday by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane. Tetrachloroethylene is typically produced as a coproduct with either trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride from hydrocarbons, partially chloriaated hydrocarbons, and chlorine. Although production of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene from acetylene was once the dominant process, it is now obsolete because of the high cost of acetylene. Demand for tetrachloroethylene peaked ia the 1980s. The decline ia demand can be attributed to use of tighter equipment and solvent recovery ia the dry-cleaning and metal cleaning iadustries and the phaseout of CFG 113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane) under the Montreal Protocol. 

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