Carbonaceous fuel

Carbon shares several significant properties with sulfur It is easily ignited, safe, fairly stable, abundant, cheap, and its products of combustion are gaseous. It can, however, hardly be called versatile. In fact, with the decline of black powder, it has been mostly relegated to some fireworks effects to produce a prolonged glow of reddish sparks. 

The so-called amorphous carbons—charcoals, or more rarely, the blacks —are the only ones considered, graphite being much too difficult to ignite, though it is combustible above TOCC. Graphite is sometimes used as a mold release agent and its effect on the reactions is either indifferent or adverse. 

The author has not found Carbon Blacky MIL-C-I1403A, ox Lamp Black, TT-L-706, in ordnance formulas, but a Carbon Black, dry for use in explosives appears under MlL-C-306 and has been specified for and used in a Nuclear Air-Burst Simulator. 

The ignition points of charcoal and other carbons vary widely and are influenced by the presence of catalysts such as lead salts. Nebel and Cramer, in a study concerning the behavior of carbon in gasoline engines, reported an ignition temperature of 555°C for pure carbon, but the addition of lead compounds depressed the ignition 

Charcoal is used mainly in black powder, the other carbons for fireworks effects and as a darkening agent in match striking strips and certain propellants. 

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This is the reverse of the water-gas shift reaction in the production of hydrogen and ammonia (qv). Carbon dioxide may also be reduced catalyticaHy with various hydrocarbons and with carbon itself at elevated temperatures. The latter reaction occurs in almost all cases of combustion of carbonaceous fuels and is generally employed as a method of producing carbon monoxide. 

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas and - without chemical analysis - its presence is undetectable. It is produced by steam reforming or incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels typical carbon monoxide concentrations in common gases are given in Table 5.30. 

Soot The aggregates leaving a combustion chamber due to incomplete combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. 

CO2 is also recovered economically from the flue gases resulting from combustion of carbonaceous fuels, from fermentation of sugars and from the calcination of limestone recovery is by reversible absorption either in aqueous Na2COi or aqueous ethanolamine (Girbotol process). 

An important example of the first type is the oil smoke pot which is powered by a slow burning, gassy pyrotechnic mixt such as amm nitrate and amm chloride with a small amount of carbonaceous fuel. The resulting gas jet pulls a stream of oil from a reservoir and injects it into a venturi where the formation of the aerosol takes place... 

Binder H, Kohling A, Sandstede G. 1972. Effect of alloying components on the catalytic activity of platinum in the case of carbonaceous fuels. In Sandstede G, ed. From Electrocatalysis to Fuel Cells. Seattle University of Washington Press, p. 43. 

The most widely used form of the carbonaceous fuels is perhaps the solid fuel, coal. Though occurring basically in the solid form, coal can be converted to both liquid and gaseous forms. In the solid form, coal is basically of two types charcoal (prepared by carbonization of wood) and mineral coal (obtained from coal mines). Coal is found on every continent,... 

More complex hydrocarbonaceous fuels might materialize in the long term, depending on the alternative vehicle market. The fuel development programs also include hydro-carbonaceous fuels for both, on-board reformers and for liquid hydrocarbon fuel cells. The introduction of hybrid and FC cars would inevitably reduce the share of gasoline in total fuel consumed. 

Grossman, M. J. Lee, M. K. Senius, J. D., et al., Rhodococcus species for removing sulfur from organic carbonaceous fuel substrates-(LAW295). Patent No. US5607857. 1997, March 04. 

Rhodococcus species for removing sulfur from organic carbonaceous fuel substrates (LAW295) [76],... 

Explosive Composition of Scott. Detonatable expl compns contg uncoated, prilled ammonium nitrate and un coated, prilled calcium nitrate are discussed. Mixts contd 1—70% by wt of calcium nitrate and 4.5—8.46 % by wt of carbonaceous fuel such as diesel oil. Combinations contg 60 wt% NH4N08 with both 10—30 wt% of Ca(NOa)2 and 10—30 wt% NaNOg are also described... 

E.A. Tomic, USP 3711345(1973) CA 78, 99994(1973) (Chemical foaming of waterbearing expls. Addn of under 0.1% of a boro-hydride to a typical gelled aq blasting agent containing a liquid carbonaceous fuel results information of stable 20—100 micron bubbles which sensitize the expl)... 

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