Processing machines

The Bucher-Guyer horizontal rotary press is a highly automated batch process machine that requires no press aid. The press consists of a horizontal hydrauhc ram inside a rotating cylinder containing many flexible rods covered with a knitted synthetic fabric. The rods have serrated surfaces to allow juice which passes through the fabric to flow to the discharge ends. Hydrauhc pressure is apphed for a preset time, the ram is retracted, and the cylinder is rotated to break up the press cake. This cycle is repeated several times before the press cake is removed from the cylinder and the press is cleaned (16). Juice yield for this horizontal rotary press is 84% with secondary water addition it is increased to 92% (15). 

Aside from designs and plants, inventions are required to exhibit usefiilness or utiHty to be patentable. In fact, issued patents for processes, machines, compositions, and articles are often commonly referred to as "utiHty" patents. Depending on the nature of the technology, a single assertion of utiHty may suffice. In other cases, such as in the field of biotechnology, a more elaborate demonstration of utiHty may be necessary. Although utiHty maybe supported by an assertion of use, appHcation, or benefit, the assertion must be accurate and credible to ensure the enforceabiHty of any patent reHed upon to cover the invention. 

Although power-transmission equipment is generally simpler than the machines it connects, it nevertheless fails in seivdce as often as—if not more often than—motors, turbines, pumps, and the like. Care must be given to the proper selection and maintenance of power-transmission equipment otherwise, the best process machines cannot perform as expected. 

Whenever the process machine operates at the same speed as its driver, the two can be directly coupled. This direct couphng stiU allows for a variable speed, through acuustments of the speed or the driver. Steam turbine speed can be easily adjusted, and electric motor speed can also be varied by the use of special drives that vaiw the frequency of the power applied to the motor. Wdiether the speed is fixed or variable, direci coupling of two machine shafts presents the problem of accommodation of misalignment. To this purpose, machines are coupled through a.flexible coupling. 

Vlanv process machines operate at speeds diFFerent From the one oF their drivers. Typical oF cases where the machine rotates. dower than the driver are reciprocating compressors typical examples oF machines rotating/ js / er than the drivers are centriFiigal compressors driven bv electric motors. In either case, ear. are used to match the two speeds, (iears can also be designed to accommodate shaFts that... 

Particular mention should be made of the influence of styrene monomer (Figure 16.10). An increase of the residual monomer from 0 to 5% can cause a 30°C reduction in softening point. On the other hand there is a marked increase in the ease of flow. It is not, however, good practice to change the flow properties in this way as the monomer will volatilise in the processing machine and the... 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) film is produced by quenching extruded film to the amorphous state and then reheating and stretching the sheet approximately three-fold in each direction at 80-100°C. In a two-stage process machine direction stretching induces 10-14% crystallinity and this is raised to 20-25% by... 

Lubricants used in processing can be divided into inner and outer lubricants. The former is slightly soluble in the melted polymer, thus it lowers the melt viscosity of the polymer the latter forms a thin film between the surfaces of the melted polymer and the hot metal surface of the processing machine, thus it does not allow the polymer to stick to the surface of the machine. 

The control of energy in its various forms was always a necessity that became more relevant with the increasing performance requirements of the twentieth centui y. The control of energy conversion contributes to the optimization in performance and energy efficiency for all processes, machines, and devices. 

Utility Patents. Utility patents are granted to individuals only who have invented or discovered any new and useful method, process, machine, manufacture, or matter composition. These patents must be useful to society (have utility). A utility patent has a total time limit for exclusive use by the inventor of 17 years. 

Some applications, however, cannot use the cartridge design, for example, when the operating environment is too hot for the seals. Another example is when minute leaks or the accumulation of traces of dirt at the lip seals cannot be tolerated (e.g., food processing machines). In these cases, bearings with specialized sealing and lubrication systems must be used. 

Fixed costs are those elements of piece cost that are a function of the annual production volume. Fixed costs are called fixed because they typically represent one-time capital investments (buildings, silos, processing machines, etc.) or annual expenses unaffected by the number of products produced (building rent, engineering support, administrative personnel, etc.). Typically, these costs are distributed over the total number of products produced in a given period. For plastics processes the principal elements are main machine cost, auxiliary equipment cost, tooling cost, building cost, overhead labor cost, maintenance cost, and the cost of capital. 

Alkanesulfonates are an important internal antistatic agent for polystyrene (PS) as well. If it is not possible to apply the pure active surfactant with the intended processing machine, the use of a master batch of alkanesulfonates and an appropriate polystyrene product is recommended. The addition of alkanesulfonates in amounts greater than 0.3 phr can cause hazing also in transparent PS articles. The antistatic effect of alkanesulfonates in PS is demonstrated in Fig. 41. 

If a steam turbine generates electricity, then the flow through the turbine can be varied within the minimum and maximum flows allowed by the machine. If a steam turbine is connected directly to a drive (e.g. a back-pressure turbine driving a large pump), then there is likely to be no flexibility to change the flowrate through the steam turbine as this is fixed by the power requirements of the process machine. 

Process machines can, in some cases, be equipped with both a steam turbine and an electric motor, allowing the drive to be switched between the two according to steam demands in the utility system and operating costs. It should be remembered that operating costs might vary significantly as a result of different electricity tariffs, according to the time of day, the day of the week and the season of the year. 

Drivers are required for many different types of process machine on a site. Power can be generated and distributed to drive electric motors, or direct drives can be used. Direct drives are inflexible as far as the utility system operation is concerned. A combination of direct drives and electric motors is usually the best solution for the site as a whole. 

Measurement of the diverging steady shear viscosity is an appealing experiment because of its simplicity. Even the torque on a processing machine might serve as an estimate of the diverging viscosity. It has, however, severe disadvantages that need to be considered [149] ... 

The two-roll mill represents the earliest form of rubber processing machine, used by the rubber manufacturer being developed from the masticator of Hancock. Over the years the emphasis of the role of the two-roll mill has moved from being that of the prime means of compound preparation for the majority of the rubber industry, to that of secondary usage. In the modem factory conventional two-roll mills are used for compound blending and for sheeting off of compound mixed by other means. In addition they are used to warm-up compounds from store, and for a number of blending purposes to achieve compound uniformity for other processes. 

Kennedy, M. B. Signal-processing machines at the postsyn-aptic density. Science 290 750-754, 2000. 

The whole tissue processing from fixation to embedding in paraffin can be performed manually or automated by means of processing machines. Cutting of paraffin-embedded tissues is performed by means of microtomes. Trimmed paraffin blocks are cut at 3 10 pm (5 pm is commonly used). 

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