Composition of matter

Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). This description is misleading. After all, almost all chemists routinely make qualitative or quantitative measurements. The argument has been made that analytical chemistry is not a separate branch of chemistry, but simply the application of chemical knowledge. In fact, you probably have performed quantitative and qualitative analyses in other chemistry courses. For example, many introductory courses in chemistry include qualitative schemes for identifying inorganic ions and quantitative analyses involving titrations. 

For example, if the invention has cleaning properties it may be a composition of matter, process, or machine, all of which are patentable subject matter. If the invention performs work, it may be a process, article of manufacture, or machine, which are all patentable subject matter. It may also be that the development of a new composition results in a composition of matter and a process of using the composition, both of which are distinct, yet patentable inventions. The various types of patentable subject matter are not mutually exclusive and may be disclosed in a single patent. 

The composition of matter patents in the United States issued to The Upjohn Company on clindamycin phosphate and hydrochloride expired at the end of 1986 and in early 1987, respectively. Since then, these compounds have been available genericaHy from more than two dozen companies in the United States alone (101,102). 

Stoff-menge, /. quantity of a substance amount of material, -mischung, /. (Paper) pulp mixture, -miihle, /. (Paper) stuff engine, hoUander. -patent, n. patent on a substance. -rahmen, m. filter disk, -teilchen, n. particle of matter, -umsatz, m. change of substance, specif, metabohsm. -verbindung, /. (Patents) composition of matter, -ver-brauch, m. consumption of material, -ver-wandtschaft, /. chemical affinity. 

The compound index lists individual, fully specified compositions of matter that are mentioned in the text. It is an index of empirical formulas, ordered according to the following system the elements within a given formula occur in alphabetical sequence except for C, or C and H if present, which always come first. Thus, the empirical formula... 

Kennedy J.P., Fenyvesi G., and Keszler B., Three arm star composition of matter having diblock arms based on polyisobutylene and method of preparation, US Patent 6228945, May 8, 2001. 

The foregoing reaction scheme had been described in a patent issued in 1934 to Clemmensen (9), who prepared certain organic esters of thiophosphoric acid embodying both aromatic and aliphatic radicals. These esters are claimed as new compositions of matter useful as fire retardants. Parathion itself is not specifically described in the patent. 

As would be expected from such a fundamental problem, the root of the quest to unravel the composition of matter goes back to the pre-Socrates Greek philosophers. Even then the great minds pondered what made up nature and how it all came about. 

Composition measurement, 77 785 Composition of matter category, in patents, 78 165-166... 

The process by which a xenobiotic is structurally and/or chemically changed in the body by either enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions. The product of the reaction is a different composition of matter or different configuration than the original compound. 

Since the dendrimers discovery occurred in a Dow corporate laboratory, the period 1979-1983 was spent filing many of the original dendrimer composition of matter patents [62-71]. The key Dow Starburst dendrimer research team... 

Analytical chemists determine the chemical composition of matter. Two major branches of analytical chemistry are qualitative analysis—determining what is in a substance—and quantitative analysis—measuring how much substance. Research and report on a career as an analytical chemist in the food industry. 

These plans envision composition-of-matter patents on drug molecules for which development timelines and market potentials can be estimated. Product stories are the clearest, most rational plans because profitable sales can be projected and rNPVs calculated. On the other hand, investors usually perceive higher risks because the rNPVs tend to be dominated by single product candidates for which historical failure rates are high. Examples of product stories include Amgen s development of Epogen and Amylin s development of Symlin. 

MCM, Mobil composition of matter FSM, folded sheet mesoporous materials KIT, Korean Institute of Technology SBA, Santa Barbara. 

Agreement between the two sources of information is excellent. Moreover, laboratory analysis of meteorites can determine the isotopic composition of matter making up the Solar System, an invaluable piece of data for those intent on understanding the origin and evolution of atomic nuclei. 

Fig. 8.5. The delicious cocktail of the supernovas. Mixing 13 measures of SNll with 1 measure of SNl, we find a composition of matter that approaches observed abundances in the Solar System. Certain isotopes of chlorine, potassium and scandium, among others, are not produced in snfficient qnantities, however. (From Nomoto et at. 1997.)...

Much of the history of chemistry has concerned itself with determining the ultimate composition of matter. The Greeks considered all matter to be composed of different combinations of earth, air, fire, and water. It is only during the last two hundred years that the modern idea of chemical elements developed and only in the last one hundred years that we have determined that elements themselves are composed of... 

So far, we have noted that chemistry involves the composition and structure of matter. But beyond knowing what the composition of matter is and how the pieces fit together, chemistry is about how matter changes from one substance to another. When we refer to chemical change, we mean that the composition of matter has changed. A chemical change occurs when a substance or substances change into other substances. 

Modern technology has been quite successful in developing tailor-made chemicals to cope with specific problems. However, this effort has also introduced some additional problems since manufacturing and handling experience is frequently inadequate to properly answer questions of hazard. Some way is needed to distinguish hazardous from nonhazardous chemicals, and to establish a measure of the extent of hazard As technology solves the questions it encounters, new compositions of matter are formulated. These formulations are compounded of two or more chemicals, each of which may present no special hazard but, once mixed, may... 

Such are reasons why the story of the elements is not simply a tale of a hundred or so different types of atom, each with its unique properties and idiosyncracies. It is a story about our cultural interactions with the nature and composition of matter. The Whiggish history of chemistry as a gradual elucidation and tabulation of matter s building blocks obscures a deeper and more profound enquiry into the constitution of the world, and the mutability of that constitution by human or natural agency. 

---