Low-cost tool

Evolution of processing globalization, automation, industrialization, simplification, low-cost tools. 

The direct-printing process does not require any sophisticated instrumentation. Basically, two pieces of equipment are required as fundamental tools a computer equipped with graphic software (e.g., Corel Draw, AutoCad, Macromedia FreeHand, or Microsoft Power Point) and a laser printer (although different brands provide different results as will be discussed later). Accessories such as an office laminator, a heating press (T-shirt transfer machine), and a paper driller represent the low-cost tools we have used. Finally, polyester films (transparency films or overhead projector films), wax paper sheets, a commercially available toner cartridge, microscope slides (glass) and CDs are the consumables, since they are used to produce microchips, microelectrodes, and integrated systems at very low cost. 

In many applications of conventional thermoforming, low-cost tooling is used compared to that of other processes, particularly in cases of limited production and/or the forming of very large parts (Fig. 5-2). Thermoforming of thin parts has an advantage over most other processes, where very thin walls cannot be produced. An example of its use is in skin and blister packaging. 

High temperature release agents are necessary owing to the high exothermic reactions inherent in the process. The use of FRP and low cost tooling methods do not lend... 

This is a technique in which low pressures and low temperatures are used. Hence light duty and low cost tooling can be used. Production rates and capital expenditure are moderate. The size of component is restricted to the size of press available a typical component has an area of perhaps 0.5 ml The process lends itself to production runs of typically 500 off, but is economic in the range 100 to 5000 components off. 

Resin transfer moulding, enjoying similar low cost tooling benefits and potentially faster reaction times, is preferred for a variety of high rigidity... 

The RIM process involves relatively low tool pressures and temperatures so that low-cost tooling such as cast epoxy may be used for short runs. This is very attractive for large items in small quantities and is especially suited to the production of prototype housings. For example, certain business equipment housings were moulded as prototypes in polyurethane, but larger quantities were injection moulded in foamed modified PPO. 

Fernandez,M., R. Forteza,andV. Cerda. 2012. Multisyringechromatography(MSC) An effective and low cost tool for water-soluble vitamin separation. Anal. Lett. 45 2637-2647. 

Natural tracers and polymers seem to be suitable low-cost tools to detect injected fluid breakthrough in the Tambaredjo pilot test. However, after two or more injectors are active, natural tracers and the polymers will not be able to establish specific connections with the producer wells. Synthetic tracers resolve this problem and increase the accnracy of the breakthrough detection. 

RP has progressed beyond the simple show and tell of a physical prototype to the ability to create functional prototypes for testing, customized products, and short production runs of standardized products. In addition, low-cost tooling can be built for fixtures, assembly tooling, and molds. 

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