Primary Manufacturing Processes

Major structural Felted fiber with High-porosity Solid urethane Solid polymer sheet 

Subcategories Spun bond Free-standing Foams oxide  

Hardness Medium to high Low High Very high 

Slurry carrying capacity Low to high Very high Low Minimal 

Bulk microstructure Continuous Complex foam Closed cell to None 

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It is important at this point to make the distinction between the terms freezing and frozen storage. The former may be regarded as part of the primary manufacturing process and uses, for example, fluidized bed freezers or plate freezers depending upon the nature of the food to be frozen. Frozen storage refers to the storage of food at... 

Most higher alcohols of commercial importance are primary alcohols secondary alcohols have more limited specialty uses. Detergent range alcohols are apt to be straight chain materials and are made either from natural fats and oils or by petrochemical processes. The plasticizer range alcohols are more likely to be branched chain materials and are made primarily by petrochemical processes. Whereas alcohols made from natural fats and oils are always linear, some petrochemical processes produce linear alcohols and others do not. Industrial manufacturing processes are discussed in Synthetic processes. 

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

Dye Intermedia.tes, Dye intermediates are defined as those precursors to colorants that are manufactured within the dyes industry, and they are neady always colodess. Colored precursors are conveniendy termed color bases. As distinct from primaries they are only rarely manufactured in single-product units because of the comparatively low tonnages requited. Fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) are neither intermediates nor tme colorants. Basic manufacturing processes for FBAs are described in Reference 18 (see Fluorescent whitening agents). 

Air-Based Direct Oxidation Process. A schematic flow diagram of the air-based ethylene oxide process is shown in Figure 2. Pubhshed information on the detailed evolution of commercial ethylene oxide processes is very scanty, and Figure 2 does not necessarily correspond to the actual equipment or process employed in any modem ethylene oxide plant. Precise information regarding process technology is proprietary. However, Figure 2 does illustrate all the saUent concepts involved in the manufacturing process. The process can be conveniently divided into three primary sections reaction system, oxide recovery, and oxide purification. 

An auxiliary facility is one that supports another facility s activities (e.g., research and deveiopment iaboratories, warehouses, storage facilities, and waste-treatment facilities). An auxiliary facility can take on the SIC code of another covered facility if its primary function is to service that other covered facility s operations. Thus, a separate warehouse facility (i.e., one not located within the physical boundries of a covered facility) may become a covered facility because it services a facility in SIC codes 20-39. Auxiliary facilities that are in SIC codes 20-39 are required to report it they meet the employee criterion and chemical thresholds for manufacture, process, or use. Auxiliary establishments that are part of a multi-establishment facility must be factored into threshold determinations for the facility as a whole. 

Lead oxide (PbO) (also called litharge) is formed when the lead surface is exposed to oxygen. Furthermore, it is important as a primary product in the manufacturing process of the active material for the positive and negative electrodes. It is not stable in acidic solution but it is formed as an intermediate layer between lead and lead dioxide at the surface of the corroding grid in the positive electrode. It is also observed underneath lead sulfate layers at the surface of the positive active material. 

The alternative manufacturing processes of higher molecular weight primary alcohols are given in Fig. 6. 

Fuels are of three types solid, liquid, and gaseous. Each category has been further classified into natural, manufactured, or by-product. Natural fuels are called primary fuels, while artificially produced fuels for a purpose or market, together with the products which are unavoidable by-product of some regular manufacturing process, are called secondary fuels. The main raw materials for secondary fuel are generally primary fuels. A list of the important fuels is shown in Table 1.22. 

Loss of the native conformation of a protein generally exposes hydrophobic amino acid residues that are normally buried on the inside of the self-associated structure and are shielded from the aqueous environment. This leads to association between the exposed hydrophobic residues of neighboring proteins (aggregation) or between these exposed residues and hydrophobic surfaces that the protein may encounter either in the manufacturing process or in the primary package. 

The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that have been used for their intended purpose. To determine whether a waste qualifies as K-listed, two primary questions must be answered. First, is the facility that created the waste within one of the industrial or manufacturing categories on the K list Second, does the waste match one of the specific K list waste descriptions There are 13 industries that can generate K-list wastes1 2 3 ... 

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