Auxiliary facilities

The following equipment should be provided and should be available before the plant begins to operate  

Air samplers and equipment for measuring airborne activity concentrations  

Portable dose rate meters with an audible alarm at variable settings and devices for monitoring personnel contamination and surface contamination  

Portable shielding, signs, ropes, stands and remote handling tools Communication equipment  

Equipment for monitoring individuals for intakes of radionuclides Temporary containers for solid radioactive waste and special containers for radioactive liquids  

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They suggested that each project should pay an insurance premium i to guarantee the expected profits. The magnitude of b is proportional to the amount of capital to be risked. It is also a function of the degree of risk involved. Working capital and capital for auxiliary facilities are assumed to be risk-free. Thus, the risk rate is applied only to the fraction of the capital investment hkely to be lost it the project is unexpectedly terminated. 

TABLE 9-61 Typical Ranges of Auxiliary Facilities as Percentage of Total Installed Plant Cost... 

An auxiliary facility is one that supports another facility s activities (e.g., research and deveiopment iaboratories, warehouses, storage facilities, and waste-treatment facilities). An auxiliary facility can take on the SIC code of another covered facility if its primary function is to service that other covered facility s operations. Thus, a separate warehouse facility (i.e., one not located within the physical boundries of a covered facility) may become a covered facility because it services a facility in SIC codes 20-39. Auxiliary facilities that are in SIC codes 20-39 are required to report it they meet the employee criterion and chemical thresholds for manufacture, process, or use. Auxiliary establishments that are part of a multi-establishment facility must be factored into threshold determinations for the facility as a whole. 

Auxiliary facilities, such as utilities, land and civil engineering work. 

Thermoeconomics of the LHS system involves fixed capital investment, operational and maintenance cost, and exergy costs (Domanski and Fellah, 1998). Total fixed capital investment consists of (i) direct expenses that are equipment cost, materials, and labor, (ii) indirect project expenses that are freight, insurance, taxes, construction, overhead, (iii) contingency and contractor fee, and (iv) auxiliary facilities, such as site development, auxiliary buildings. 

Grass-roots plant A complete plant erected on new site including land, site preparation, battery-limits facilities, and auxiliary facilities. 

Coastal utilities have been major consumers of products derived from imported crudes. East coast utility fuels have been based on Venezuelan and Middle East crudes while the West coast has obtained much of its fuel from Indonesia. There are a number of reasons why it would be difficult to convert these plants to coal firing. Auxiliary facilities such as storage areas, rail sidings, and unloading and conveying equipment are no longer in place to handle coal. It is even more significant that the land on which these facilities were located has been sold or used for other utility purposes. As a result, scrubbers could not be installed at these sites to allow for sulfur dioxide control. 

Of the many factors which contribute to poor estimates of capital investments, the most significant one is usually traceable to sizable omissions of equipment, services, or auxiliary facilities rather than to gross errors in costing. A check list of items covering a new facility is an invaluable aid in making a complete estimation of the fixed-capital investment. Table 1 gives a typical list of these items. 

Total Capital Cost The installed cost of the fixed-capital investment Cpc is obviously an essential item which must be forecast before an investment decision can be made. It forms part of the total capital investment Ctc, defined by Eq. (9-14). The fixed-capital investment is usually regarded as the capital needed to provide all the depreciable facihties. It is sometimes divided into two classes by defining battery limits and auxiliary facilities for the project. The boundary for battery limits includes all manufacturing equipment but excludes administrative offices, storage areas, utihties, and other essential and nonessential auxihary facilities. 

However, Lynn and Howland included in the fixed-capital cost not only money invested in production and storage facilities but also that invested in land, research and development costs, and any auxiliary facilities necessary to support the process. Typical values of capital ratios for the year 1958 are listed in Table 9-49. 

Auxiliary facilities provide services that are necessary for the operation of the process. Examples of these facilities are steam, electrical power, air, cooling water, refrigeration, and waste treatment. To account for this cost requires determining whether the facility will be dedicated or shared. If flie facility is dedicated solely for the use of a single process, then its cost is assigned to the process. On the other hand, if other processes share the facility, then its cost is divided according to usage. 

A plant is divided into four areas the process area, storage, utilities, and services, as illustrated in Figure 2.5. The process area is called battery limits and the other areas auxiliary facilities. Battery limits derives from the time when oil refineries contained several stills in a row, resembling a gun battery. The battery limit contains all the equipment assigned to the process, but Valle-Riestra [20] pointed out that a process unit is not always physically located in one area of a plant. 

Figure 2.5 The process area anci auxiliary facilities of a chemical plant.

Plant Addition Auxiliary Facilities Grass-Roots Plant 0.17 0.08 0.52 0.07... 

The direct-cost factor for equipment, foe, contained in Table 2.8, does not include buildings and auxiliary facilities. It includes the labor and materials needed to install equipment. The buildings and auxiliary costs will be accoimted for after we-calculate the depreciable capital cost for equipment. 

To calculate the depreciable capital cost we need to calculate the cost of buildings and auxiliary facilities. Table 2.6 contains factors for calculating these costs. Ulrich [31] pointed out that these costs are not affected by process-equipment operating temperature and pressure, materials of constraction, or equipment design. Thus, we calculate the base installed cost, which is the installed cost of carbon-steel equipment at ordinary operating conditions and equipment design. To obtain the cost of auxiliary facilities and buildings, multiply Csbi by fAB- Now, we can now complete the calculation of the depreciable capital cost as outlined in Table 2.14. 

Obtain the cost factors for buildings and auxiliary facilities from Table 2.6. 

The process design for the production of allyl chloride has been completed. Table 2.4.1 lists the specifications for the major pieces-of-equipment. Estimate the depreciable capital cost and the total capital cost as of mid-1998. The process is a plant addition at an existing site, i.e., buildings and auxiliary facilities are available. The cost of the eductor-mixer as of mid-1998 is 1,000. 

We see that the cost of the installation at ordinary process conditions, Cbi, is less than the cost at actual conditions, Cai. If this process were a grass-roots plant, we would have to add the additional cost of buildings and auxiliary facilities. In this case, the process is a plant addition at an existing site where the buildings and auxiliary facilities are available. Therefore, fAB = 0, as given in Equation 8.15.8. Thus, the depreciable capital cost is equal to 468,800. 

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