Premium defined

Organisms capitalize on their relationships in a variety of ways, from birds and bees pollinating plants to mollusks taking up cnidocysts from prey. Parasitism is another type of relationship with ancient roots. Ordinarily defined as a —/+ relationship in which one member of a pair, the host, suffers a loss of fitness, while the other member, the parasite, benefits, parasitism may be better understood as a successful relationship in which the benefit/cost ratio reverses itself at the parasite s departure from its host. At that time, the parasite, rather than the host, pays an energetic premium. 

The role of biocomponents in traffic fuel is increasing. The European Union Directive [1] on the promotion of the use of biofuels for transport purposes states that by the end 2005 traffic fuels should have contained 2% of components produced from renewables. The figure rises to 5.75% by the end of 2010 and up to 20% by the end of 2020. This directive defines biofuel as a liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass, biodiesel as a methyl ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel and synthetic biofuel as synthetic hydrocarbons or mixtures of synthetic hydrocarbons, which have been produced from biomass. The European Commission also encourages member states to lower tax rates on pure and/or blended biofuels, to the offset cost premium over petroleum-based fuels [1, 2]. 

The approach is nothing other than the analogue of the more general concept of defined contribution now widely recommended by many economists for the purchase of health insurance (Pauly et al. 1991). Under that approach, government or employers make a defined contribution to an individual s purchase of private health insurance, leaving the individual to pay the full difference between that contribution and the insurance premium actually charged by the private insurer. 

The breakeven price defines the unit price one could afford to pay for the gas oil to realize the same ethylene production cost as for a naphtha feed. If for a given naphtha price, the gas oil can be obtained at a price below the indicated gas oil breakeven price, gas oil would be the more attractive feed. If the gas oil can only be obtained at a price above the breakeven, naphtha would be the desired feed. Thus, with naphtha at, say, 1 /lb, the heavy gas oil would have to be priced below 0.7 /lb to be more profitable than naphtha as a cracking feed, assuming premium by-products prevail. Valuing the by-products as fuel has only a slight effect on the breakeven levels. The curves cross as nonaromatics in the pyrolysis gasoline have been valued the same as naphtha feed. 

Perfumers must study the perfumes of the products that make up the market also in relation to their positioning. What fragrance types characterize baby soaps and distinguish them from family soaps Do the perfumes of the different brands of medicated soap have something in common What fragrance qualities set the premium priced products apart from the more common ones, heavy duty products from delicate ones The answers to questions such as these define the odor meanings and the odor language that prevail in a market. 

Rating index for liquefaction is given in equation (2) which is defined as product of liquid yield and higher heating value of pyrolysis liquids divided by mole of hydrogen required per mole of carbon in biomass liquids for upgrading to premium fuel. 

New electronics and improved computer data acquisition capabilities have permitted the development of SEC with on-line triple detection using LS, VISC, and re-fractometry. On-line triple detection is known as size-exclusion chromatography cubed (SEC ) with the three dimensions being defined by the three detectors [3]. The use of SEC eliminates the requirement for column calibration, unlike conventional and universal calibration, where a premium is put on control of variables such as flow rate, temperature, and column resolution. SEC can offer advantages in polymer production quality control as well as in research and development of new polymers. 

In addition to the above, NEMA designates a special class of Premium Efficiency Electric Motors (2003) for three-phase induction motors applied to municipal or industrial applications for operation on voltages of 600 V or less, rated 500 HP or less, operating more than 2000 hr/yr at more than 75% of full load. For details, please refer to NEMA MG 1-1998 Table 12-12. For each HP rating, that table defines nominal and minimum efficiencies for 2-, 4-, and 6-pole open motors. 

The removal of both mineral matter and sulfur species to very low values would provide premium solid fuels and possibly new chemical feedstocks. Several techniques are being explored to achieve these goals. The mineral matter in a physically cleaned coal can be further reduced by the solubilization of the aluminosilicate minerals. This can technically be accomplished with the use of alkaline and then acid treatments. A variety of studies are under way to define the conditions required for effective removal of the mineral matter and establish the amount of sulfur reduction that can be accomplished. Others involve the use of fine grinding to liberate the coal from the mineral matter. Then an agglomerant is used to separate the coal matter from the aqueous phase containing suspended mineral matter. A new approach uses microwave energy to selectively decompose the clays into species that can be solubilized and removed. Still another technique involves treatment with carbon dioxide to reduce the particle size and permit the liberation of the mineral matter. Over the next few years these will be studied further and it is hoped that coal will become available in a form with less of these interesting, but not entirely desirable mineral species. 

Overall productivity in R D, defined as financial return per R D investment dollar, has been significantly higher for biopharmaceuticals. The principal factors conferring this advantage have included faster cycle times within R D and, on the commercial side, the positioning of biopharmaceuticals within specialty markets where they can command premium pricing relative to primary care medicines. 

In practice there may be heat profiles within the reactor walls, so a complete set of heat transfer equations might be more complicated than equations 5.9 to 5.11, and some of the constants referred to may vary with temperature. Nevertheless, the main point applies no matter how the system evolves, and no matter what more-complete heat transfer equations might apply, equation 5.1 holds at every instant. Thus, rates of reaction can be calculated by numerically differentiating the observed concentration CA with respect to the clock time t. The caveat is that temperature changes between readings of the concentration must be small so that the rate calculated can be assigned to a well defined temperature. This requirement puts a premium on rapid methods of analysis in the operation of TS-BRs. 

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