European Union directives

EC (2000) European parliament and the council of the European union. Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for the community action in the filed of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities L32, 1-72... 

The Finnish legislation (Pyotsia, 1994) classifies the flammability of chemical substances on the basis of their flash and boiling points. This is similar to the European Union Directives concerning hazardous substances. Also the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (1987) and Edwards Lawrence (1993) have been used similar approaches. 

The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to substances hazardous to the health or the environment is examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications are presented for a number of accelerators. 

An examination is made of the requirements of a European Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered harmful to the health or the environment. 

An examination is made of the provisions of European Union directive 1999/13/CE covering the reduction and control of emissions of volatile organic compounds arising from the use of organic solvents. 

A survey is made of European Union directives regulating the use of hazardous chemicals and other industrial materials. A list is presented of carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic substances covered by Directive 97/10/ CE. 

The role of biocomponents in traffic fuel is increasing. The European Union Directive [1] on the promotion of the use of biofuels for transport purposes states that by the end 2005 traffic fuels should have contained 2% of components produced from renewables. The figure rises to 5.75% by the end of 2010 and up to 20% by the end of 2020. This directive defines biofuel as a liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass, biodiesel as a methyl ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel and synthetic biofuel as synthetic hydrocarbons or mixtures of synthetic hydrocarbons, which have been produced from biomass. The European Commission also encourages member states to lower tax rates on pure and/or blended biofuels, to the offset cost premium over petroleum-based fuels [1, 2]. 

World-wide demand for glycerol is projected to be 0.2 Mt in 2007 and is forecasted to grow by 2.2% per year, driven mainly by personal care and food products [10]. If the target of the European Union directive is achieved, European biodiesel demand could increase to 10 Mt per year by 2010, resulting in 1 Mt of glycerol [2]. The price of glycerol has already fallen by 50% over the past ten years [10, 11]. Thus, the application of glycerol, obtained from the biodiesel process,... 

Patient information leaflets are intended to provide information about the medicine to the patient. The leaflets are produced for many medicines whether presented as original packs or patient packs. For medicines presented in bulk dispensing packs, the manufacturer may supply additional copies of the leaflet. Within the European Union, Directive 92/27/EEC outlines the contents of patient information leaflets and the use of the rINN is required. 

With a view to harmonising the conduct of clinical trials across the European Union, Directive 2001/20/EEC was finally agreed on 14 December 2000 and was formally adopted in May 2001 with a 3-year transition period for its implementation. The Directive is now fully implemented in the United Kingdom and further information on clinical trials there can be accessed at the MHR A website. Under the provisions of the Directive, all clinical trials now require a Clinical Trial Authorisation (CTA). This is discussed in detail in Chapter 17. 

For the determination of the intralaboratory repeatability of the DR CALUX bioassay for sediment samples, two sediment extracts were analyzed 10 times. Each analysis was performed in triplicate. As a prerequisite for a correct triplicate analysis, the percentage standard deviation in the triplicate determination should be below 15%. This is in accordance with the harmonized quality criteria for eell-based bioassay analyses of PCDDs/PCDFs in feed and food as formulated by Behnisch et al. (Behnisch et al, 2001 a) and as detailed in European Union directive 2002/69/ EC and direetive 2002/70/EC. The repeatability for the low-2,3,7,8-TCDD-content sediment... 

FIMIP s Chief Inspector s Guidance Notes and European Union Directives on incineration provide examples of regulatory requirements and/or guidance which incorporate aspects of the above five types of criteria for GCP. 

In the European Union, Directive 92/32/EC and EC Council Regulation 793/93 require risk assessment for new and existing substances, respectively. Principles for this risk assessment have been established, supported by a detailed package... 

In addition, as Germany is part of the European Union, Directive 2001/83/EC (as amended) has been incorporated into national law. 

The European Union Directive on Good Clinical Practice in Clinical Trials Implications for Future Research... 

European Union Directives require the evaluation and control of the risks to the environment and/or public health of both existing and new chemicals. The European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) located in Ispra, Italy provides technical support for the development of EU chemicals policy and its website34 provides information on both existing and new chemicals. The Existing Substances Regulation35 provides for the evaluation and control of risks posed by existing chemicals in four steps ... 

The issue of a European Union directive aimed at removing trade barriers to a variety of products, among them cement, led to the setting up of CEN/TC 51 as well... 

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