Preliminary Trial

Four laboratories took part in a preliminary trial of three different sequential extraction schemes with seven sediments and one soil supplied by the EC Joint Research Centre of Ispra. The sequential extraction methods were  

The results of this preliminary trial are described in detail elsewhere [60]. The fractional contents obtained by the different procedures were in good enough agreement for the sediments to be sufficiently well chacterized for decisions to be made on the management or use of the sediments. There were serious failures in detail and it could be concluded that, while the results were promising, improvements were necessary if reference material certification was to be attempted. Furthermore, any future study should be based on a well specified procedure, which was designed as described in Section 11.4. 

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While detailed discussion of the merits of PEN fibres is largely outside the scope of this book mention may be made of the success in preliminary trials of (yacht) sailcloths made from PEN fibre. PEN fibres have a modulus roughly 2.5 X that of PET, exhibit excellent flex life and also show very good UV resistance. It is understood that the one yacht fitted with PEN sailcloth in the 1996 Olympics won the gold medal in its event. 

Preliminary trials showed that MethylophUus methylotrophus was a suitable source of feed. Changes in culture system, operation, mode of recovery and drying did not adversely affect this. The development team was confident that the pilot-scale and production-scale facilities could be developed effectively. 

George TP, Chawarski MC, Pakes J, et al Disulfiram versus placebo for cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained subjects a preliminary trial. Biol Psychiatry 47 1080-1086, 2000... 

The methods for the preparation of test pieces (or products) and their subsequent history will influence the material properties. Consequently, it is important for any testing that all the moulding, storage, preparation and conditioning procedures are defined and carefully controlled. It may be worthwhile conducting preliminary trials. 

For the control of this disease Bordeaux mixture in combination with better cultural practices has been recommended. Garces (17) recommended similar treatment, but when the pods are still young. Although only preliminary trials have been made on the chemical control of Monilia pod rot in Colombia, initial reports indicated that substantial control was being obtained with fungicidal sprays, but when the results were analyzed statistically they were not significant (18). 

Most fungicides, especially the organic ones, have residual capacity markedly inferior to that of Bordeaux mixture. However, the tenacity could be improved by the addition of adhesives, especially when used in regions of heavy rain. Only preliminary trials in Costa Rica have been conducted in this important problem. Of 14 stickers tested on cacao seedlings in relation to the control of Phytophthora rot of cacao, none gave satisfactory results. 

Dr. Harold Abramson, under a contract with the CIA in 1954, had reached a similar conclusion from a preliminary trial with four subjects. Based on his clinical judgment of response intensity, he estimated the inhalation dose to be only about one-third as effective as the same oral dose. In 1966, he gave me a hand-typed draft CIA report he had never published. The ingenuity of the technique he describes, using a rudimentary aerosol chamber, is evident in the report, which is provided on the following pages. 

Wierzbicki, T. and Wojcik, 0. Preliminary trials on the decomposition of acrolein, allyl alcohol, and glycerol by activated sludge, Zesz. Nauk. Polltech Slaska Inz. Sanit, 8 173-185 [Chemical Abstracts 68 1589z, 1968]. 

Bennett and Barter (1997) discuss the effect of partitioning-dissolution in an aqueous phase of alkylphenol. Specifically, they show that the depletion of this crude oil component affects the chemical composition of the original pollutant. Partitioning at equilibrium can be considered the maximum dissolution value of a compound under optimal solvation conditions. Partitioning-dissolution is obtained by washing the crude oil with saline water at variable temperature and pressure conditions, similar to those in the subsurface. The data reported were obtained using a partition device able to simulate the natural environmental conditions of a crude oil reservoir. The alkylphenol partition coefficients between crude oil and saline subsurface water were measured as a function of variation in pressure, temperature, and water salinity. Preliminary trials proved that the experimental device did not allow alkylphenol losses due to volatilization. 

Incubation conditions. Preliminary trials indicated that incubation at 20 °C for 72 h in darkness is optimal. This relatively low temperature allows adequate wheat growth while retarding mold development. 

Caillard V Treatment of mania using a calcium antagonist—preliminary trial. Neuropsychobiology 14 23-26, 1985... 

In 1947, a weed kill of 91.2 and 90.8% was obtained in preliminary trials 11) with Stoddard solvent and Sovasol No. 5, applied at 70 to 80 gallons per acre in Hugo Sauer Nursery in northern Wisconsin, In this same series of tests, ordinary stove oil of higher boiling point than cleaning naphthas gave comparatively poor control of weeds. 

Nitta, T, K. Sato, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, and S. Ishii, Preliminary trial of specific targeting therapy against malignant glioma. Lancet, 1990. 335(8686) 368-71. 

Cornelius JR, Soloff PH, Perel JM, et al. A preliminary trial of fluoxetine in refractory borderline patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991 11 116-120. 

In the first stage, preliminary trials were performed in order to study the effect of lubricant added before and after precompression. 

The objective of the preliminary trials was to define the best way to incoporate the lubricants, i.e. before or after the precompression operation. Three experiments were carried out. 

Results obtained from the preliminary trials described above are shown in Table 1. The mean values of three trials performed for validation of the optimized formulation by direct compression... 

The dispersion method, while not suitable for long-term tests lasting several days, can be used for preliminary trials of electrochemical behavior over a period of several hours. As can be seen from Fig. 13, the activity of CoTAA falls off sharply even within a few hours, in contrast to that of polymeric FePc. The stability of the CoTAA catalyst can however be considerably increased by suitable thermal pretreatment (cf. Section 4.1. .). 

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies of the effects of silymarin and silybinin have been carried out with several cancer cell lines. In murine models of skin cancer, silybinin and silymarin were said to reduce tumor initiation and promotion. Induction of apoptosis has also been reported using silymarin in a variety of malignant human cell lines (eg, melanoma, prostate, leukemia cells, bladder transitional-cell papilloma cells, and hepatoma cells). Inhibition of cell growth and proliferation by inducing a Gx cell cycle arrest has also been claimed in cultured human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. The use of milk thistle in the clinical treatment of cancer has not yet been adequately studied but preliminary trials are under way. 

Katz, N., Rocha, R.S. and Chaves, A. (1 979) Preliminary trials with praziquantel in human infections due to Schistosoma mansoni. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 57, 781-785. 

It is important that the stability of the active be assured over the preliminary trials, therefore efforts are made to ascertain that the potency of the casting solution is unchanged throughout the planned trials. This is true because if the casting solution loses its potency over the course of the trials the analytical results may be skewed. 

One of the lessons learned is that validation is not cheap there is no way industry can gain assurance that a process will always be under control with just a single event. Validation, by definition, requires multiple events to fully deliver the confidence that the validated item will perform as expected. Equally important are the preliminary trials leading up to the validation activity. 

Tyrosinase and amine oxidase appear to be true antihypertensive substances they are useless at the present time for clinical application. Many cardiotoxic and depressor agents are known which will lower blood pressure at the expense of kidneys, heart, or blood volume. A few newer compounds, however, are now being studied which on preliminary trial appear to fit the definition of antihypertensive substances. It is believed that, in the not too distant future, a practical method for the control of this prevalent condition will be found. 

Differences in perception of the technique s maturity may originate from a simple lack of widespread knowledge about the approach. There are only a few short courses offered. Many students learn of it only as a side note in a physical chemistry textbook and never have hands-on training to use it. Laboratory-based Raman instrumentation is not as ubiquitously available for familiarization and casual experimentation as FTIR. While most vendors will arrange to do feasibility studies and preliminary trials with potential customers, these kinds of short experiments make it difficult for new users to build a solid familiarity with the technique. If a group has years of experience with NIR, it can be difficult to remember to re-examine Raman spectroscopy for each new project to see if it would be a better technical choice and ultimately easier to do. 

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