Technical choices

Eric Schatzberg, Wings of Wood, Wings of Metal Culture and Technical Choice in American Airplane Materials, 1914—1945 (Princeton University Press, 1999). 

Differences in perception of the technique s maturity may originate from a simple lack of widespread knowledge about the approach. There are only a few short courses offered. Many students learn of it only as a side note in a physical chemistry textbook and never have hands-on training to use it. Laboratory-based Raman instrumentation is not as ubiquitously available for familiarization and casual experimentation as FTIR. While most vendors will arrange to do feasibility studies and preliminary trials with potential customers, these kinds of short experiments make it difficult for new users to build a solid familiarity with the technique. If a group has years of experience with NIR, it can be difficult to remember to re-examine Raman spectroscopy for each new project to see if it would be a better technical choice and ultimately easier to do. 

In this paper I will explain our motivations concerning the technical choice of a He-jet coupled to a mass separator and then give our first results. 

Equipments handling supercritical fluids and liquefied gases present important hazards that must be taken into account both for equipment design and construction and for operation and maintenance. Safety considerations must influence any technical choice and operation and a detailed analysis of potential hazards must be specifically conducted for any case. In this paper, we would try to list the different classes of hazards and how to cope with them, so that both the process designer and the operator be informed. 

Oudemans, F.M., J.J. Boon, R.E. Botto. 2007. Clay resources and technical choices for Neolithic pottery (Chalain, Jura, France) chemical, mineralogical and grain-size analyses. Archaeometry 49 23-52. 

This chapter presents industrial solutions developed for preparative continuous chromatography of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. The technical choices will be presented for HPLC applications. 

This period of time is also characterized by some new scientific views on some phenomena of interest, which were somewhat different from those prevailing (e.g. enhanced importance of the release of iodine as a compound with caesium, and the enhanced importance of aerosols) and by some characteristic technical choices (huge filtered venting systems, such as the Swedish FILTRA, see Figs 5-1 and 5-2, installed on the Barsebeck reactor). 

The SFC is a critical parameter for the fats and oils industry. The official American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) wet method is dilatometery. Alternative wet methods are differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). LR NMR was proved to be an alternative method for SFC determination in late 1950s. The early continuous wave LR NMR spectrometers rapidly found their way into the fats and oils industry, the method being accepted by the Instrumental Techniques Committee of the AOCS as early as in 1972. Presently the technical choice is radio frequency (RF) pulsed LR NMR. Pulse NMR spectrometers are more compact, very efficient, and relatively cheap. They have the advantage of exciting the protons in the whole sample at once. 

Besides some changes of main technical selections, some design parameters and technical choices have been updated in the preliminary design. Its brief is given in following paragnqihes. 

Recent developments in mobile telecommunications, however, demonstrate that certain socio-technical choices might reduce or even eliminate factors that interfere with engineering practice in South Asia. 

Based on the extensive experience from the fast reactor family, successor fast reactor developers can avoid detours in the main technical choices. An experimental fast reactor has a higher value for demonstration purposes if the main technical selections, including primary circuit arrangement (pool or loop), are consistent between experimental, prototype and commercial demonstration reactors. The most important demonstration missions are the design features and, especially, the safety features of the reactor. 

CEFR-25 is still in the design phase, so some systems, structures and parameters may be changed in the future. But the main technical choices and designs, especially the safety features will be retained. 

A variety of tradeoffs govern the design of the solenoidal coil and steel flux return of the detector. The optimization of the magnetic field value (1 or 1.5 Tesla), the choice of normal or superconducting technology for the coil and the instrumentation of the flux return to extend the physics capability of the detector are all involved. We will discuss the technical choices inv olved in arriving at an actual design these involve cost as well as physics performance. 

Given the level of safety required for the system and technical choices, a redundant structure of second order was chosen. The MEIS is formed from dual processor architecture. From the acquisition of field entries to the generation of outputs, all the elements involved in the processing chain performed by the safety automaton are redundant. The minimal cuts associated with this architecture are the common modes and the voter. 

For applications that demand an exceptional installed reproducibility of better than 0.05 pH, the best technical choice is a spherical glass measurement electrode and a flowing junction reference electrode. The glass must be selected to match the pH and temperature range of the process. The reference electrode aperture area and reservoir pressure must be chosen to maintain a small constant flow of electrolyte into the process. However, this choice of electrode has special installation and maintenance requirements that make them an extremely unpopular choice compared to throwaway solid state combination electrodes. Spherical bulbs are more... 

Figure 3-9 includes some of the other factors that are not lead markets factors, but either support the lead market factors or they are the result of the lead market role of a market. For instance, supporting and related industries that are internationally competitive can support the export advantage and therefore the lead nuir-ket role of a country in an industry. Factor endowments such as physical resourc es and availability of capital can influence the lead market factors such as the factor price advantage. The availability of financial resources, sources of technical and market knowledge, can support the lead market factors, but they are mainly considered a result of the early adoption of an innovation by a market. In section 33 in particular I address the question of how national technical superiority is related to the lead market role of countries. Finally, chance is a determinant of many processes in the economy. As mentioned above (2.4), in models of technical choice under externalities historical accidents are considered mainly responsible for the outcome. Chance controls a basic invention based on serendipity (inven-tions-by-chance) and oil price shocks, war and political shifts. It can be expected that chance may play a role in the lead market processes as well. The lead market system is therefore not a deterministic theory. However, this thesis is predominantly about nation-specific attributes or national success factors that support the lead market function of a country as well. In this chapter I will describe these nation-specific lead factors. 

David, Paul A., 1975, Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth, Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Keck, Otto, 1980, Government Policy and Technical Choice in the West German Reactor Programme, Research Policy 9, 302-356. 

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