Sequential extraction methods

Ruttenberg, K. C. (1992). Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 1460-1482. 

Cereal proteins when classified by the Osborne sequential extraction method yield four different classes albumins, which are water soluble, globulins, which are soluble in salt solutions, prolamins, which are soluble in alcohol-water mixtures, and glutelins, which are soluble in dilute acid or alkali. Chen and Bushuk added a fifth fraction by dividing the glutelin into two fractions, one soluble in dilute (0.05 m) acetic acid and the other insoluble in this reagent.5... 

Keon, N.E., Swartz, C.H., Brabander, D.J., Harvey, C., Hemond, H.F. 2001. Validation of an arsenic sequential extraction method for evaluating mobility in sediments. Environmental Science and Technolology, 35, 2778-2784. 

To determine the various species and their concentrations in soil, many selective, semiselective, and sequential extraction methods have been developed. Species associated with various components in soil can be extracted with varying effectiveness (see Chapters 11 and 12). Thus, metal cations that are in solution, exchangeable, weakly held, or associated with carbonate and with... 

There have been some questions raised about the validity of results of extensive and sequential extraction methods. There is the possibility that species of an analyte may change during the extraction process. It is also possible that a species may be liberated and then reabsorbed during extraction or subsequent isolation. The same or similar question could be raised about various initial sampling and subsequent storage methodologies as described next. In spite of these questions, the BCR methodology has been widely accepted [39-41],... 

In Procedure 11.10, step 1 is designed to extract soluble species, carbonates, and species on exchange sites. Step 2 is designed to extract reducible iron and magnesium oxyhydroxides. Step 3 extracts oxidizable organic matter and sulfides, while step 4 extracts any metals remaining after the completion of the previous extractions. Sequential extraction methods have also been used to extract and quantify the amounts of various arsenic species, primarily as As(III) and As(IV) in soil [21],... 

The aim of this work was to investigate the arsenic mobilization from the tailings material (200 - 500 pg/g As) into the seepage water (up to 3.5 mg/L As) and the process of seepage water effluent forming an immobilized precipitate (up to 8 % As) in the creek. Different analytical methods for the determination of total concentrations and different sequential extraction methods as well as hyphenated techniques for speciation analysis were applied to follow the way of the arsenic in this environment. 

R. Santamaria-Fernandez, A. Moreda-Pineiro and S. J. Hill, Optimisation of a multielement sequential extraction method employing an experimental design approach for metal partitioning in soils and sediments, J. Environ. Monit., 4(2), 2002, 330-336. 

Perez-Cid, B., Lavilla, I. and Bendicho, C. (1998) Speeding up of a three-stage sequential extraction method for metal speciation using focused ultrasound. Anal. Chim. Acta, 360, 35-41. 

Schultz, M.K., Burnett, W.C. and Inn, K.G.W. (1998) Evaluation of a sequential extraction method for determining actinide fractionation in soils and sediments. /. Environ. Radioactivity, 40, 155-174. 

Table 5.9. EC Sequential Extraction Method for 0.5-g Initial Sample...

Condron, L.M., Goh, K.M., and Newman, R.H. (1985) Nature and distribution of soil phosphorus as revealed by a sequential extraction method followed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. J. Soil Sci. 36, 199-207. 

Another method to dissolve rocks and soil involves using different sequential extraction methods (Hlavay et al. 2004 Bacon and Davidson 2008), where the chemical species of the elements are identified as ... 

The SEDEX method (Ruttenberg, 1992) is a multistep selective, sequential extraction method that separately quantifies five distinct sedimentary phosphorus reservoirs on the basis of their chemical reactivity to a sequence of solvents ... 

In addition, the overall content of TEs in extractable (mobile) forms can be estimated prior to SEP by a single-extraction procedure using electrolyte solutions, such as 1.0 mol HNO3 or 1.0 mol L HCl (Ladonin, 2002). If the contents of TEs obtained by the screening protocol are rather low, it might then be unreasonable to use a sequential extraction method. 

The combination of kinetic single and steady-state sequential extraction methods has proved suitable for monitoring the fate of arsenic in slightly polluted soils through irrigation (Cornu et al., 2004). The EDTA-kinetic procedure confirmed that anthropogenic arsenic is fixed in soils mainly under labile forms and is easily... 

Filgueiras, V., Lavilla, I., and Bendicho, C. (2002b). Comparison of the standard SM T sequential extraction method with small-scale ultrasound-assisted single extractions for metal partitioning in sediments. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374,103-108. 

Shiowatana, J., McLaren, R. G., Chamnekha, N., and Samphao. A. (2001c). Fractionation of arsenic in soil by a continuous-flow sequential extraction method. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 1940-1949. 

Figure 5.20 Overview of the sequential extraction method for metals, as applied to the analysis of soils and sediments.

Figure 5.21 Details of Step 1 of the sequential extraction method (cf. Figure 5.20).

While the complete experimental details for the three steps in this sequential extraction method are shown in Figures 5.21-5.23, it is important to note the following ... 

In each case, an accurately weighed 1.0000 g sample was used. The sequential extraction method has been described in Figures 5.21-5.23. 

In terms of metals analysis, the availability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is now providing better detection limits for important elements and wider simultaneous determinand suites than ICP-OES, though it is not reliable for the measurement of some contaminants such as mercury. Applied research into sequential extraction methods and physiologically based extraction techniques is informing our understanding of the role and importance of contaminant bioavailability in risk assessments.29,36,37... 

Ferdelman, T.G., 1980. The distribution of sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, and uranium in a salt marsh sediment core as determined by a sequential extraction method. Masters thesis. University Delaware. 

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