Murine models

A particularly active area of research concerns the elucidation of the mechanisms of refractoriness or resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Tumor cell-intrinsic or treatment-induced expression of angiogenic factors may be implicated Very recent studies have provided evidence that, at least is some murine models, refractor-inessm to anti-VEGF therapy is related to the ability of the tumor to recruit CDllb+Grl+ myeloid cells, which promote angiogenesis [5]. It remains to be established whether these findings also apply to human tumors. 

Kearney, J.N., Wheldon, L.A., Gowland, G. (1990). Effects of cryobiological variables on the survival of skin using a defined murine model. Cryobiol. 27, 164-170. 

Ison MG, Gubareva LV, Atmar RL, Treanor J, Hayden EG (2006a) Recovery of drug-resistant influenza virus from immunocompromised patients a case series, J Infect Dis 193 760-764 Ison MG, Mishin VP, Braciale TJ, Hayden EG, Gubareva LV (2006b) Comparative activities of oseltamivir and A-322278 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models of influenza virus infection, J Infect Dis 193 765-772... 

Sanders VJ, Mehta AP, White MG, Achim CL (1998) A murine model of HIV encephalitis xenotransplantation of HIV-infected human neuroglia into SCID mouse brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 24(6) 461 67... 

Panter, S.S., Braughler, J.M. and Hall, E.D. (1992). Dextran-coupled deferoxamine improves outcome in a murine model of head injury. J. Neurotrauma 9, 45-53. 

In diabetic rats, TRPVl is enhanced on myelinated fibres and is hyperphos-phorylated by PKC [127]. In accordance with these findings, anti-TRPVl antiserum was shown to ameliorate pain in a murine model of diabetic neuropathy [128]. In humans, the density of TRPVl-positive nerve fibres is increased in women with chronic breast pain [129] and with vulvodynia [19]. Disruption of TRPV 1 gene causes attenuation of bone cancer pain in mice [130]. Pharmacological blockade of TRPVl by agonists relieved pain in AIDS patients [131]. 

Key Words Chemokines chemokine receptors rheumatoid arthritis murine models. 

The basic biology of chemokines and their receptors is well covered in Chapters 2 and 3 of this book, and we will focus hereafter upon the roles of individual chemokines and receptors in atherosclerosis. The largest amount of data on the roles of chemokines in cardiovascular disease (C VD) has been obtained from in vitro studies and murine models, which will be discussed in detail. In man, genetic polymorphisms in chemokine and chemokine-receptor genes have pointed to an important role for specific chemokines in various atherosclerotic diseases including coronary artery disease and carotid artery occlusive disease. For properties see Table 1. 

Murine models have been instrumental in representing human disease in vivo. Transgenic approaches have produced mice with genetic defects that promote susceptibility to fibrosis, including abnormal expression of chemokines and/or chemokine receptors. These models have elucidated the factors that are conducive to fibrosis and have thus revealed the central roles of certain chemokines and chemokine receptors. Conventional methods of inducing... 

Keane MP, Belperio JA, Xue YY, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. Depletion of CXCR2 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in a murine model of lung cancer. J Immunol 2004 172(5) 2853-2860. 

Walser TC, Rifat S, Ma X, et al. Antagonism of CXCR3 inhibits lung metastasis in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006 66 7701-7707. 

D8. DeJoy, S. Q., Jeyaseelan, R., Torley, L. W., Pickett, W. C., Wissner, A., Wick, M. M., Oronsky, A. L., and Kerwar, S. S., Effect of CL 184,005, a platelet-activating factor antagonist in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced gram-positive sepsis. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 150-156... 

Scott, P. (1991) IFN-y modulates the early development of Thl and Th2 responses in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology 147, 3149-3155. 

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