Poultry energy

Animal Feed. In animal feeds (1—3% lecithin) lecithin is an emulsifier wetting and dispersiag agent energy source antioxidant surfactant source of choline, organically combiaed phosphoms and iaositol and Hpotropic agent. It is used ia a milk replacer formula for calves (approximately 10,000 t of lecithin ate used for this purpose) and for veal production, ia mineral feeds, poultry feeds, fish foods, pet foods, and feeds for fur-beating animals (30). 

Monoethylamine is used in the synthesis of Sevin, an important insecticide. Trimethylamine has only one major use, the synthesis of choline, a high-energy additive for poultry feed. 

Birds eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy intake, but this does not mean that they will eat enough protein, unless the protein proportion in the rotation is high. Protein quality is also important, the two most essential amino acids being lysine and methionine. The best quality protein for all poultry is white fishmeal (banned only for ruminants by the Soil Association). The best vegetable protein is soya bean which is low in methionine, but this can be made up by using sunflower meal in the ration. 

The technology has been developed mainly for meats, poultry, and certain seafoods in the United States, and radappertized foods were successfully used in space missions [116]. Similar radiation-sterilized products were manufactured by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa for hikers [117]. 

The RDA for niacin is expressed in terms of energy intake 6.6 mg niacin equivalent (NE, 1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan) per 1000 kcal (4186 kJ) per day is recommended (13NEday-1 minimum). This is approximately equivalent to 19 and 15 mg NE day -1 for men and women, respectively. The UK RNI value for niacin is 6.6 mg NE per 1000 kcal (4186 kJ) per day for adults. The richest dietary sources of niacin are meat, poultry, fish and whole-grain cereals. 

Like all other animals, poultry require five components in their diet as a source of nutrients energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water. A nutrient shortage or imbalance in relation to other nutrients will affect performance adversely. Poultry need a well-balanced and easily digested diet for optimal production of eggs and meat and are very sensitive to dietary quality because they grow quickly and make relatively little use of fibrous, bulky feeds such as lucerne hay or pasture, since they are non-ruminants (have a simple stomach compartment). 

The requirements set out in this publication and taken mainly from the report on the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994) are based on ME (AME), expressed as kilocalories (kcal) or megacalories (Meal)/kg feed. This energy system is used widely in North America and in many other countries. Energy units used in some countries are based on joules (J), kilojoules (kj) or megajoules (MJ). A conversion factor can be used to convert calories to joules, i.e. IMeal = 4.184 MJ 1MJ = 0.239 Meal and 1MJ = 239 kcal. Therefore, the tables of feedstuff composition in this publication show ME values expressed as MJ or kj as well as keal/kg. 

Eight B vitamins are important in poultry nutrition. In general they participate in biochemical reactions as enzyme cofactors that mostly affect the transfer of energy. 

Sibbald, I.R. (1982) Measurement of bioavaila-ble energy in poultry feedingstuffs a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62,983-1048. 

Rye has an energy value intermediate to that of wheat and barley, and the protein content is similar to that of barley and oats. However, its nutritional value is reduced by the presence of several ANFs such as P-glucans and ara-binoxylans which are known to cause increased viscosity of the intestinal contents and reduced digestibility, and other undesirable effects such as an increased incidence of dirty eggs. These effects are more pronounced in hot and dry environments, which accentuate the rate of cereal ripening prior to harvest (Campbell and Campbell, 1989), as occurs in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. Rye may also contain ergot, which is a toxic fungus that reduces poultry health and performance. 

Canola meal is used in all types of poultry feeds (Table 4.4). However, because of its relatively low energy value for poultry, it is best used in layer and breeder diets rather than in high-energy broiler feeds. Another issue that needs to be addressed is that digestibility of key EAA is lower in canola meal than in soybean meal (Heartland Lysine, 1998). Therefore, the diet should be formulated to digestible AA specifications rather than to total AA specifications, otherwise flock performance may be affected. 

Field peas can be used successfully in poultry diets when included at levels that allow the dietary ME and AA levels to be maintained (Harrold, 2002). High inclusion levels may require supplementation of the diet with a high-energy source such as oil. 

Waste or scrap potato chips, french fries or crisps which have been cooked in oil for human consumption are very palatable and high in energy due to the fat taken up in deep frying. They consist of about 500g/kg starch, 350g/kg fat, 50g/kg CP and 30g/kg minerals, mainly potassium and sodium salts. Generally they have a high salt content, and a plentiful supply of fresh water should be made available if they are used in poultry diets. They can be included in diets for poultry at low levels. 

Batal, A.B. and Dale, N.M. (2006) True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15,89-93. 

Cheva-Isarakul, B., Tangtaweewipat, S., Sangsrijun, P. and Yamauchi, K. (2003) Chemical composition and metabolizable energy of mustard meal. Journal of Poultry Science 40, 221-225. 

El-Boushy, A.R. and Raterink, R. (1989) Replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal and peanut meal or both in low energy diets for broilers. Poultry Science 68, 799-804. 

Hainan, E.T. (1944) Digestibility trials with poultry. II. The digestibility and metabolizable energy of raw and cooked potatoes, potato flakes, dried potato slices and dried potato shreds. Journal of Agricultural Science 34,139-154. 

Meng, X., Slominski, B.A., Campbell, L.D., Guenter, W. and Jones, O. (2006) The use of enzyme technology for improved energy utilization from full-fat oilseeds. Part I canola seed. Poultry Science 85,1025-1030. 

Ravindran, V. and Blair, R. (1991) Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific region. I. Energy sources. World s Poultry Science Journal 47, 213-262. 

The following tables present data on average values of energy and nutrients for a range of feedstuffs likely to be used in organic poultry feeding (as-fed basis). Each feedstuff is listed under its International Feed Number (Harris, 1980), and definitions of the feedstuffs taken from AAFCO (2005) or CFIA (2007). 

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