Digestibility reducers

RAMIREZ I (1992) Does reducing the rate or efficiency of digestion reduce food intake Am J physiol. 263(4 Pt 2) R852-6. 

Anaerobic digesters reduce BOD levels between 40 and 70%. They can also remove nitrates.59 When two digesters are used, the first is agitated and the second is not. Less power is required than for activated sludge units. 

Anaerobic digestion stabilises animal wastes by reducing the complex organic compounds to principally carbon dioxide and methane. Although anaerobic digestion reduces the odour, the treated waste is not completely inoffensive. 

Recent publications on tannins and their effects on herbivores liave tended to deal specifically with only vertebrate (2,3) or invertebrate (, ) herbivores, and have drawn slightly different conclusions for the two groups. Sirtplistically, these are tliat tannins do not act as effective digestibility - reducers in insects, and that they have sotb, but not completely effective, deterrent action against maitmals. 

Protease Vegetable proteins Increased protein digestibility Reduced nitrogen excretion... 

While quantitative defenses or digestibility reducing substances are also present In small quantities In the. young needles, they do not seem to be effective In reducing female dry weight, larval density, or level of defoliation. This Is consistent with the reasoning that young tissue development... 

Digestive Reduced appetite with modest weight gain... 

Based on this type of reasoning, investigators have divided defensive substances into (1) the acute toxins (qualitative defenses) that are present in very low concentrations in plant tissues and which exert their effects on herbivores by interfering with some basic metabolic process such as transmission of nervous impulses, and (2) digestibility-reducing substances (quantitative defenses) that are present in higher concentrations in plant tissues, that act in the gut of the animal to reduce its ability to utilize its food, particularly proteins, and whose effectiveness increases directly with their concentration (Cates and Rhoades, 1977 Feeny, 1970, 1976 McKey, 1974 Rhoades and Cates, 1976). Qualitative defenses... 

Porter, C., Kaukonen, A.M., Boyd, B.J., Edwards, G. and Charman, W.N. (2004) Susceptibility to lipase-mediated digestion reduces the oral bioavailability of danazol after administration as a medium-chain lipid-based microemulsion formulation. Pharm. Res., 21, 1405-1412. 

Surface Adsorption. As we have already mentioned, the surface of the precipitate will have a primary adsorbed layer of the lattice ions in excess. This results in surface adsorption, the most common form of contamination. After the barium sulfate is completely precipitated, the lattice ion in excess will be barium, and this will form the primary layer. The counterion will be a foreign anion, say, a nitrate anion, two for each barium ion. The net effect then is an adsorbed layer of barium nitrate, an equihbrium-based process. These adsorbed layers can often be removed by washing, or they can be replaced by ions that are readily volatilized. Gelatinous precipitates are especially troublesome, though. Digestion reduces the surface area and the amount of adsorption. 

In perchloric acid and nitric acid/sulfuric acid digestions, salts precipitate out as the digestion reduces the volume of solution. Danger exists... 

Aerobic sludge digesters reduce the volume of and render biologically stable the sludge from a variety of sources conventional activated sludge and primary clarifier. 

Partial phosphodiesterase digestion reduced both bound and nonbound poly(ADP-ribose) radioactivity to 50% (Fig. 3). A newly generated radioactive peak was comigrating with phosphodiesterase itself. 

The interactions between rates and efficiencies are complex, involving homeostatic mechanisms that influence an insect s behavior, physiology, growth and reproduction. These interactions are influenced by starvation, induction of preference, nutrients, allelochemics and various environmental (climatic) factors. Classification of a chemical as a repellent, deterrent, feeding suppressant, toxin or digestibility-reducer may be situation-dependent, dose-dependent, and involve chemicals, behavioral and physiological feedback systems (Blau et al., 1978 Duffey, 1977,1980 Reese, 1979 Grabstein and Scriber, 1981). 

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