Potassium dietary requirement

Iodine and iodide are chemical terms, used interchangeably when talking about the dietary requirement of this element. However, they are different. Iodine is the chemical element and exists as the molecule I and this is how it was used as an antiseptic. It is not how it is found in Nature. There it is present as iodide, which is a negatively charged iodine atom, I-, and this must occur in conjunction with a positively charged atom such as potassium (K+). When iodide gets in-... 

Ruminants develop potassium deficiency more frequently than monogastrics, as they have higher dietary requirements for potassium than other species. Cows produce high levels of milk, which contain great amounts of potassium and the increased... 

Kiwifruit are also a rich dietary source of potassium. Dietary potassium has been associated with prevention of hypertension, apoplexy, and osteoporosis. An average-sized Hayward fruit contains 200-300 mg potassium, which supplies about 10-15% of the daily requirement. 

All patients with ascites require counseling on dietary sodium restriction. Salt intake should be limited to less than 800 mg sodium (2 g sodium chloride) per day. More stringent restriction may cause faster mobilization of ascitic fluid, but adherence to such strict limits is very difficult. Patients usually respond well to sodium restriction accompanied by diuretic therapy.14,22,31,32 The goal of therapy is to achieve urinary sodium excretion of at least 78 mEq (78 mmol) per day.22 While a 24-hour urine collection provides this information, a spot urine sodium/ potassium ratio greater than 1.0 provides the same information and is much less cumbersome to perform. 

B. Selenium in the form of selenocysteine is required for three enzymes that remove iodide from thyroid hormones. There are no signihcant areas in which dietary intake of sodium or potassium are problems. Fluorine deficiency is not associated with thyroid hormone metabolism. 

In terms of mineral content, potato is best known as an important source of dietary potassium, which plays a fundamental role in acid-base regulation and fluid balance and is required for optimal functioning of the heart, kidneys, muscles, nerves, and digestive systems. Health benefits of sufficient potassium intake include reduced risk of hypokalemia, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, stroke, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), kidney stones, and asthma. A high intake of potassium and low intake of sodium have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of stroke (Larsson et al., 2008 Swain et al., 2008). However, most American women 31-50 years old consume no more than half of the recommended amoimt of potassium and men s intake is only moderately higher (lOM, 2004). 

Many plants will not grow at normal rates unless the plant tissues, especially the leaves, contain as much as 1 or 2% potassium and, for some plants, even highei concentiations are required. Therefore, if a plant grows at all, it will nearly always contain sufficient potassium to meet the requirements of the people or animals that consume the plant. Potassium deficiencies do occur in humans and animals, but these are largely due to metabolic upsets and illnesses that interfere with the utilization of potassium in the body, or via excessive losses ot potassium from the body, rather titan due to inadequate levels of dietary potassium. 

Sodium removal is the next important step—by dietary salt restriction or a diuretic—especially if edema is present. In mild failure, it is reasonable to start with a thiazide diuretic, switching to more powerful agents as required. Sodium loss causes secondary loss of potassium, which is particularly hazardous if the patient is to be given digitalis. Hypokalemia can be treated with potassium supplementation or through the addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic such as spironolactone. As noted above, spironolactone should probably be considered in all patients with moderate or severe heart failure since it appears to reduce both morbidity and mortality. 

Urinary potassium and magnesium losses are anticipated consequences of AmB therapy. Some of the losses can be compensated for with increased dietary intake, while others will require oral or intravenous replacement. It should be recognized that the serum levels of these ions do not necessarily correlate with the total deficit, as the plasma levels tend to be conserved while cellular stores are becoming depleted. In general, potassium and magnesium supplements should be given to all patients and the amounts increased if the... 

The role of potassium fluctuations is also inadequately understood. Potassium depletion may increase peripheral vascular resistance, but the clinical significance of small serum potassium concentration changes is unclear. Furthermore, data demonstrating reduced cardiovascular risk with dietary potassium supplementation are very limited. This issue requires further investigation before potassium supplementation can be endorsed. 

Hyperkalemia is more common in patients with Stage 5 CKD therefore the discussion of treatment options focuses on interventions in this population. The majority of patients can be managed with a dietary potassium restriction of 50 to 80 mEq/day and alterations in dialysate potassium concentrations for patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Hyperkalemia is less common, however, in the peritoneal dialysis population due to differences in potassium transport. Constipation in patients with CKD can interfere with colonic potassium excretion therefore a good bowel regimen is important. For severe hyperkalemia hemodialysis is often required using a low-potassium dialysate bath (see Chap. 50). 

The metabolic acidosis associated with hyperkalemic distal (type IV) RTA with hyporeninemic-hypoaldosteronemia that is often seen in patients with diabetes meUitus may be corrected by the treatment of hyperkalemia alone (see Chap. 50). The use of supplemental alkali (1 to 2 mEq/kg per day) to increase sodium intake and stimulate distal tubular potassium secretion may be beneficial. A minority of patients require the administration of pharmacologic amounts of fludrocortisone." Type TV RTA resulting from a generalized distal tubular disorder often responds to low doses of alkali (1.5 to 2.0 mEq/kg per day). ° Corrections of the acidosis along with modest dietary potassium restriction (to 1 mEq/kg per day) wfll often result in the maintenance of serum potassium levels of 5 mEq/L or less. 

Copper is recognized as an essential metalloelement like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, vanadium and manganese [1]. Like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and essential cofactors (vitamins), essential metalloelements are required for normal metabolic processes but cannot be synthesized de novo and daily dietary intake and absorption are required. The adult body contains between 1.4 mg (22 pmol) and... 

In dogs, potassium deficiency was produced with a dietary level < 0.3 g kg 90% DM, with morphological changes occurring in the heart, skeletal muscle and kidneys (Tate etal. 1978). The normal potassium requirement is met by a dietary level of 2.2-4.0 g kg (Georgievskii et al. 1982). 

Iodine is introduced into the body mostly through food, iodized salt, and also drinking water and milk. Dietary iodine is found in the form of iodide or iodate of potassium, calcium, or sodium (Venkatesh and Dunn, 1995). When iodine requirements are not met, the production of thyroid hormones is reduced and the thyroid gland enlarges to compensate for this reduction. In adults, mild iodine deficiency is associated with nontoxic nodular goiter and, less often, with toxic nodular goiter because the constitutive (thyrotropin-independent) growth and the functional potential of some clones of thyroid cells increase. 

Potassium salts are not as abundant as sodium salts in food for two reasons first, because potassium salts are less abundant in nature than sodium salts and, second, because potassium salts are bitter and therefore are not added to food for seasoning. Leguminous plants are one of the richest sources of dietary potassium. The total potassium intake in man is much lower than the sodium intake. However, potassium intake is always sufficient to maintain potassium requirements because of the kidney s capacity to reabsorb potassium lost in the glomerular filtrate. 

For an adult, the minimum required daily dose is 500 mg sodium and 2000 mg potassium for children under 1 year old, 120 200 mg Na and 500-700 mg K and for children 19 years old, 225 00 mg Na and 1000-1600 mg K. The actual amounts of sodium intake are often considerably higher. Approximately 75% of dietary sodium comes from sodium chloride or sodium hydrogen glutamate (monosodium glutamate) used in food technology and culinary processing. With the exception of manual workers, the amount of dietary sodium should not be greater than 2.4 g per day (6 g NaCl). 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OE CHLORINE. The are no recommended dietary allowances for chlorine because the average person s intake of 3 to 9 g daily from foods and added table salt easily meets the requirements. Also, diets that provide sufficient sodium and potassium provide adequate chlorine. 

Persons using dialysis require restriction of sodium, potassium and water intake. Protein intake is also closely controlled and will vary from 30 to 60 g daily. The aim is to provide about 3/4 of the protein allowance as protein of high biological value. Furthermore, to prevent high blood urea and potassium levels, it is especially important that adequate energy be supplied to prevent the catabolism of body protein. Dialysis patients also require vitamin supplementation in addition to the dietary controls. 

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