Dietary supplements potassium

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

Industrial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a poorly defined blend of compounds (102). Early commercial syntheses focused on maximizing total CLA content. Many early products were rich in CLA but contained a number of positional isomers. Market demand has now shifted for a product that contains two predominant isomers, specifically 9,ll-c,t-octadecadienoic acid and 10,12-tc-octadecadienoic acid. It is not surprising that alkali isomerization produced some undesirable positional isomers of CLA. In 1970, Mounts and Dutton (103) had shown unequivocally that when potassium t-butoxide was used, at least four positional isomers of CLA were produced. It was not until 1997, after the use of CLA as a dietary supplement... 

Hypertension is often treated with diuretics. Diuretics are drugs that promote the Joss of sodium from the body, though some diuretics can cause the loss of potassium, resulting in hypokalemia. The use of dietary supplements of K to correct this hypokalemia has been shown to be of benefit and to result in decreases in blood pressure. The best source of potassium is plant food, as is strikingly apparent from the data in Table IG.l however, the interest in nonfood supplements of potassium continues. One problem with potassium salts is that they taste bad and can produce nausea. Hence, there has been some interest in the manufacture of aesthetically acceptable forms of potassium salts. One form, a mixture of NaCl and KCl, is useful for those who feel compelled to add sodium chloride to their food. One study revealed that NaCI-KCl mixtures are accepted and their use can result in a reduction of sodium intake. The study, which involved normotensive subjects, did not lead to any consistent change in blood pressure (Mickeisen rt nI., 1977). 

Potassium chloride is also used widely in the food industry as a dietary supplement, pH control agent, stabilizer, thickener, and gelling agent. It can also be used in infant formulations. 

Magnesium hydrogen Magnesium hydrogen Dietary supplement glutamic acid and its monosodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and ammonium salts) MTDI70 (expressed as... 

Potassium iodide (poe-TAS-ee-yum EYE-oh-dide) is a white crystalline, granular, or powdered solid with a strong, bitter, salty taste. It is used as a feed additive, a dietary supplement, in photographic films, and in chemical research. 

Potassium iodate, KIO3, the most thermodynamically stable and naturally occurring compound of polyvalent iodine, has found some application as a dietary supplement and a food additive. It can be used as a source of iodine in iodized salt and also as a dough conditioner [3]. In fact, because potassium iodate is more stable than iodide in the presence of air, most health authorities preferentially recommend iodate as an additive to salt for correcting iodine deficiency. Iodate is rapidly reduced to iodide in the body iodide is essential for thyroid function. However, high levels of iodate (0.600 mg per day) have been shown to cause damage to the retina, resulting in ocular toxicity [4]. The recommended level of iodine in iodized salt is between 20 and... 

Synonyms Octanoic acid, potassium salt Potassium octanoate Potassium n-octanoate Empiricai C8H15KO2 Properties Wh. powd. m.w. 182 Uses Binder, emulsifier, stabilizer, anticaking agent in foods potassium source in dietary supplements... 

Precaution Avoid dust formation Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of K2O Uses Mineral source, potassium carrier, nutrient, dietary supplement for pharmaceuticals (tablets), foods (dietetic foods), beverages, vitamin tablets sequestrant for foods paper and textile auxs. electroplating... 

Sodium and potassium glycerophosphates are used as food additives and dietary supplements. The sodium salt of P-glycerophosphoric add is cariostatic and finds use in mouthwashes. Calcium glycerophosphate is a white crystalline powder which is odourless and tasteless. It is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and decomposes above 170°C. It is used as a food additive, a dietary supplement and as a stabiliser for plastics. 

High dietary potassium has been linked to lower blood pressure, and dietary supplementation with moderate amounts of potassium has been found to lower blood pressure. Many drugs have effects in either raising or lowering potassium levels in the body. Levels are raised by digoxin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, spironolactone and heparin. Levels of potassium are lowered by diuretics, corticosteroids pseudoephedrine, some penicillins, carbenoxolone, caffeine and theophylline. 

The potassium-depleting diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, metolazone) cause potassium loss that may be reversed by supplementation and/or dietary adjustments. As previously stated, potassium can be harmful in high amounts, so any supplementation should be recommended and supervised by a doctor. 

Sodium removal is the next important step—by dietary salt restriction or a diuretic—especially if edema is present. In mild failure, it is reasonable to start with a thiazide diuretic, switching to more powerful agents as required. Sodium loss causes secondary loss of potassium, which is particularly hazardous if the patient is to be given digitalis. Hypokalemia can be treated with potassium supplementation or through the addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic such as spironolactone. As noted above, spironolactone should probably be considered in all patients with moderate or severe heart failure since it appears to reduce both morbidity and mortality. 

Hypokalemia eventually develops in many patients who are placed on loop diuretics or thiazides. This can often be managed with dietary NaCl restriction. When hypokalemia cannot be managed in this way, or with dietary KC1 supplements, the addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic can significantly lower potassium excretion. While this approach is generally safe, it should be avoided in patients with renal insufficiency in whom life-threatening hyperkalemia can develop in response to potassium-sparing diuretics. 

B. dietary potassium supplements for patients being treated concomitantly with diuretics. 

Gossypol causes potassium loss, perhaps by a direct toxic effect on the renal tubules (3), which can cause renal tubular acidosis (4). Hypokalemic paralysis (5) has been reported in about 1 % of 8806 volunteers and in China was more common in areas of low dietary potassium intake, such as Nanjing (6) muscular weakness and severe fatigue are prodromal signs (7). Neither potassium supplementation nor triamterene prevented potassium loss in patients taking gossypol (8). 

Simple dietary measures provide adequate potassium intake, and it is questionable whether for most patients potassium supplementation in any pharmaceutical form is necessary, as opposed to the use of potassium-sparing drugs. 

Urinary potassium and magnesium losses are anticipated consequences of AmB therapy. Some of the losses can be compensated for with increased dietary intake, while others will require oral or intravenous replacement. It should be recognized that the serum levels of these ions do not necessarily correlate with the total deficit, as the plasma levels tend to be conserved while cellular stores are becoming depleted. In general, potassium and magnesium supplements should be given to all patients and the amounts increased if the... 

Pere AK, Lindgren UTuomainen P, Krogerus L, Rauhala P, Laakso J, Karppanen H, Vapaatalo H, Ahonen J, Mervaala EM. Dietary potassium and magnesium supplementation in cyclosporine-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2000 58 2462-2472. 

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