Vitamins requirement for

Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) Essential vitamin required for synthesis of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate Administered to patients suspected of having alcoholism (those exhibiting acute alcohol intoxication or alcohol withdrawal syndrome) to prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Administered parenterally Toxicity None Interactions None... 

Powers H (1997) Vitamin requirements for term infants considerations for infant formula. Nutrition Research Reviews 10,1-33. 

Table 1 Daily vitamin requirements for adults (men women In parentheses If different) ...

Match each enzyme below with the vitamin or vitamins required for its activity. 

Thiamine pyrophosphate has two important coenzyme roles, both of which focus mostly on carbohydrate metabolism (Figs. 8.26 and 8.27). The active portion of the coen- rae is the thiazole ring. The first step in the oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids requires TPP. The two most common examples are pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate, oxidatively decarboxyatedto acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, respectively. The same reaction is found in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, leucine, and methionine. In all cases, TPP is a coenzyme in a mitochondrial multienzyme complex, consisting of TPP, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD. Note the number of vitamins required for the oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids thiamine (TPP), pantothenic acid (coenzyme A), riboflavin (FAD),and niacin (NAD). 

Mineralization is the precipitation of calcium phosphate, but biochemical mediation of this process is not fully understood. In this chapter, the chemistry underlying mineralization (Sect. 1) and the structures ofbones and teeth (Sect. 2) are described. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid matrix and matrix vesicles that transport type I collagen and calcium phosphate, respectively, to the matrix where they will mineralize. Secreted matrix vesicles take up calcium and phosphate until they burst and release the calcium phosphate, which then redissolves and remineralizes around the type I collagen (Sect. 3). Glycoproteins involved in correctly modeling bone and dentin, and the role of osteocalcin in limiting excessive bone growth is then discussed (Sect. 4). There follows a detailed description of enamel (E) mineralization and of the major proteins involved (Sect. 5) followed by two summaries the difference between enamel and bone mineralization, and the vitamins required for mineralization (Sect. 6). 

Vitamin requirements for ESKD patients receiving dialysis differ from those of a healthy person because of dietary modifications, kidney dysfunction, and dialysis therapy. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E are elevated in ESKD, while those of the water-soluble vitamins (81,82,8g, 812, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin C) tend to be low in this population, in large part due to the fact that many are dialyzable. The goal for vitamin supplementation in this population should be to prevent subclinical and frank deficiency and to avoid pathology from overdosage. Special vitamin supplements have been formulated for the dialysis population, which primarily include 8 vitamins with C and folic acid. 

One of the mysteries is why some patients recover, whereas others do not, not only in the case of eancer, but with other diseases as well, or even regarding the effects of toxins. There is indeed a difference in the biochenueal demands among individuals. Thus, it has been estabhshed that the vitamin requirements for different individuals will vary widely, sometimes by orders of magiutude. 

Folic acid is a vitamin required for the transfer of methyl groups in the biosynthesis of methionine and nitrogenous bases. Humans cannot synthesize folic acid and must obtain it from the diet. Bacteria, on the other hand, must make folic acid because they cannot take it in from the environment. 

There is no vitamin requirement for clients taking ribavirin. 

Cobalamln Cobalamin or vitamin Bj2 is another vitamin required for the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Cobalamin deficiency can cause severe and irreversible damage in the brain, nervous, cardiovascular, and hematopoietic (pernicious anemia) systems [4]. Animals, plants, and fungi do not synthesize vitamin Bj2, which can only be produced by some microorganisms. To date, the best cobalamin producer is Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which is currently applied for industrial production. 

Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ, Delport R, Potgieter HC Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994 124 1927-1933. 

Nutrilites vitamins) required for full growth on synthetic media by a range of yeasts... 

Little information is available concerning the vitamin requirements for lactation in the sow. Those given in the tables of Appendix 2 represent reasonable supplementation levels during lactation. In commercial practice, levels some two to three times... 

Coenzyme. A coenzyme is a small molecule, generally a derivative of a B-type vitamin, required for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The coenzyme is generally tightly bound to the enzyme. The complex enzyme-coenzyme forms the holoenzyme, while the free enzyme is the apoenzyme. Sometimes, the term coenzyme is used interchangeably with the term cofactor . The latter includes in addition to coenzymes metal factors such as Mg or Ca " that are often required for enzyme activity. 

However, nitrogen is not the only nutritional factor that influences H2S evolution in grape musts as evidenced by Sea et al. (1998) who reported poor correlations between H2S and must nitrogen concentrations. Metabolic depletion of OAS and OAH could be the result of a lack of pantothenic acid, a vitamin required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (GoA), which is necessary for formation of these precursors (Fig. 1.12). In agreement, pantothenic acid deficiency is known to increase H2S pro-... 

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