Requirements and Issues

Before a membrane system is accepted by users in applications on a commercial scale, many requirements must be fulfilled. The main requirements are related to a large number of technological problems to be solved and/or a variety of possibilities for realisation. A brief overview of important aspects is given in Table 1.2. 

Low cost production of separation units (modules and/or installations) 

Long-term stability of pore (material) structure Relation with  

Reasonable to good surface area to volume ratio Relation with  

Specific conditions of (high) separation and (high) permeation Relation with  

---

So, it is one of the basic responsibilities of the design engineer to analyse the requirements and issues of the specific design task in order to facilitate an efficient operation with a sufficient accuracy, figure 10. If e.g. the design considers a WDM system, say an optical-add-drop-(de-)multiplexer... 

Barr, D.B., R.Y. Wang, and L.L. Needham. 2005. Biologic monitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals throughout the life stages Requirements and issues for consideration for the National Children s Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(8) 1083-1091. 

U.S. competitiveness. At the same time, care must be taken in the emerging biotechnology field to properly address the legal requirements and issues involved when seeking and enforcing patents. 

All chain is tested, proof loaded and marked to comply with the BS requirements and issued with a certificate of test and examination together with particulars of the heat treatment which the chain was subjected to during manufacture. 

The hazards checklist usually has three columns next to each item on the Hst. Items can number in the hundreds or even the thousands. The first check is marked if the issue has been considered and complete. The second check is marked if additional consideration or work is required, and the last check is marked if the item does not apply. An example of a detailed checklist can be found in the Hterature (2). 

The legally trained member of the interdisciplinary committee should provide insight as to the significance of the technological advance and as to whether any commercial product ultimately derived from the invention could be protected by an issued patent. Another important function of this person is to determine the scope of the invention based on preceding events, pubHcations, or activities which may have otherwise limited the breadth of the invention. To this end, U.S. law requires that an invention satisfy a number of prerequisites or requirements before issuing a patent novelty, nonobviousness, utiHty, and disclosure. 

In the United States, there is no national qualifying or licensing body for pharmacists. Licensure requirements are promulgated by State boards of pharmacy that administer examinations, issue internship requirements, and oversee the practice of pharmacy. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy serves the collective needs of the state boards. This organisation has no Hcensure authority. However, it has developed a standardized Hcensure examination (NABPLEX), which as of this writing (ca 1995) is used by 48 states (see Licensing). 

EPA is required to issue guidance on reasonably available control measures (RACM) and best available control measures (BACM) for other sources of particulate matter emissions. 

Once the candidate corrective measure alternatives have been identified, a more detailed evaluation of each alternative needs to be undertaken. From an engineering perspective, the first step in the evaluation process would include the development of a conceptual design for each alternative. The conceptual design would consist of a process description, a process flow diagram and a layout drawing. Preliminary sizing of equipment and utility and land requirements would be developed. In addition, chemical requirements and residuals produced can be estimated. From the conceptual design, permitability and residuals disposal issues can be identified and addressed. 

In order to generate a candidate EAR, one should consider potential raw materials and by-products, satisfaction of stoichiometric conditions, assurance of thermodynamic feasibility, and fulfillment of environmental requirements. These issues can be addressed by employing an optimization formulation to identify an overall reaction that yields the desired product at maximum economic potential while satisfying stoichiometric, thermodynamic, and environmental constraints. For a more detailed description of this optimization program, the reader is referred to Crabtree and El-Halwagi (1994). 

The SSHO will usually eonduet daily inspeetions to determine if operations are being eondueted in aeeordanee with the HASP, other host eontraet requirements, and OSHA regulations. The SSHO is assigned to the PM for the duration of the projeet, but reports direetly to the HSM with operational issues. An open dialogue is kept between the SSHO and supervisory personnel of the projeet to make sure that safety issues are quiekly addressed and eorreetive aetion is taken. 

Three types of control plan are required. During the product design and development phase, a prototype control plan is required to be produced. During the process design and development phase, a pre-launch or pilot production control plan is required, and during the product and process validation phase, the production control plan is to be issued. 

Do commence change control immediately after the design requirement has been agreed and issued. 

The standard requires purchasing documents to include, where applicable, the title, number, and issue of the quality system standard to be applied to the product... 

Define and issue initial system modifications during roll-out as required. Turn over PSM systems to line management. 

Standards, codes, and laws Maintaining awareness of external requirements and development of internal standards can be applied to industrial hygiene issues... 

Before beginning work on PSM in another country, it is important to understand local priorities and influences. These include regulatory issues, cultural expectations, internal company requirements, and systems already in place. 

These improvements are more likely to occur at the program and element level. For example, at one chemical company a group of senior operators took an initiative to redesign the work permit process that reduced the number of forms required, reduced the time required to issue a permit from an average of two hours to 30 minutes and improved the workplace monitoring needed to ensure a safe work environment. The reduction in the time to issue permits increased maintenance productivity by at least 10 percent, by reducing maintenance worker time spent waiting for permits. This more responsive system also reduced the number of instances where work went ahead without the appropriate permit. 

---