Possible Application

8 Possible Applications, Challenges, and Outlook 8.8.1 Possible Applications 

Mesoporous materials have many present and potential future applications for catalysis, life science, energy, environmental, functional materials, and so on. 

In comparison to zeolites, ordered mesoporous materials overcome the pore-size constraint of zeolites and allow easier diffusion of bulky substrates. Unrestricted diffusion of reactants and products for mesoporous materials was observed even after the incorporation of large catalytically active sites in the mesopore system. Ordered mesoporous oxides have been used as supports for metals and metal oxides, and as a host material for anchoring stereo- and enantio-selective species. In reactions that require milder acidity and also involve bulky reactants and products, such as mild hydrocracking reactions, mesoporous materials exhibit great potential.[40,296] 

Mesoporous yttrium zirconium oxide or mesoporous cerium oxide anodes and a mesoporous lanthanum strontium manganate cathode constructed from nanocrystallites of these materials organized by a templating mesophase can be used in solid-oxide fuel cells. Mesoporous TiCU has a potential application in dye-sensitized solar cells. 

Ordered mesoporous materials, due to their periodic and size-controllable pore channels and high surface areas, have been regarded as a nano-reactor to construct novel ordered and well dispersed nanostructured composites with controlled size and size distribution.[303] A number of studies have reported on the encapsulation of guest materials, such as metal oxides,[304] semiconductors, metal sulfides,[305] carbon, metals,[306] and polymers into mesoporous silica hosts. 

The ability to sculpt surfaces of polymers well below Tg with light is certainly a novel and unexpected phenomenon with many potential technological applications. Moreover, as far as fundamental science is concerned, the study 

24 Exp rimental setup emplo/ed for direct photoprinting from a phase mask. 

It has been proved that pyranyl foams can be used for pour-in-place applications in household refrigerators and deep freezers. Furthermore, because of their high thermal stability the foams can withstand inunersion in molten asphalt at 205°C (400°Q. This jn-operty makes possible applications to roof insulation with molten asphalt as a water-I otecting layer. Another possible application is the baking of the enamel finish on freezer cabinets after the foam insulation has been applied. The foaming reaction is very fast, and, therefore, spraying of the foams onto out-door tanks and pipes is possible. 

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Unwanted stmctures in the film plane—often found within LB films fonned from simple rodlike molecules or from molecules polymerized after deposition—can be problematic, since many possible applications of such films require a unifonn stmcture within the plane. On the other hand, however, the production of a system in which the stmcture within the plane is so disordered that there exist no stmctural features large enough to cause problems would also render applications possible. In tliree-dimensional materials, for example, both inorganic glasses and many polymers are capable of transmitting light without any appreciable scattering for substantial distances. 

Despite the fact that the first laser to be produced (the ruby laser. Section 9.2.1) has the remarkable property of having all its power concentrated into one or two wavelengths, a property possessed by most lasers, it was soon realized that the inability to change these wavelengths appreciably, that is to tune the laser, is a serious drawback which limits the range of possible applications. 

The phenomenon of multiphoton dissociation finds a possible application in the separation of isotopes. For this purpose it is not only the high power of the laser that is important but the fact that it is highly monochromatic. This latter property makes it possible, in favourable circumstances, for the laser radiation to be absorbed selectively by a single isotopic molecular species. This species is then selectively dissociated resulting in isotopic enrichment both in the dissociation products and in the undissociated material. 

Because of their inherently high efficiency on dusts in all particle-size ranges, fabric filters have been used for collection of fine dusts and fumes for over 100 years. The greatest limitation on filter application has been imposed by the temperature limits of available fabric materials. The upper limit for natural fibers is about 90°C (200°F). The major new developments in filter technology that have been made since 1945 have followed the development of fabrics made from glass and synthetic fibers, which has extended the temperature limits to about 230 to 260°C (450 to 500°F). The capabihties of available fibers to resist high temperatures are still among the most severe limitations on the possible applications of fabric filters. 

The availability of more powerful, continuous machines has extended the possible applications to both lower- and higher-size ranges, from 5 to 200 [Lm product size, and to feed size as large as 5 mm. The energy density may be 50 times larger than in tumbling-ball mills, so that a smaller mill is required (see Fig. 20-37). Mills range in size from 1 to 1000 L, with installed power up to 320 kW. Specific... 

Risk analysis is the process of gathering data and synthesizing information to develop an understanding of the risk of a particular enterprise. Risk analysis usually involves several of the five risk management activities shown in Figure 1. CPI companies have many possible applications... 

In this section a survey is given of the critical protection potentials as well as the critical potential ranges for a possible application of electrochemical protection. The compilation is divided into four groups for both cathodic and anodic protection with and without a limitation of the protection range to more negative or more positive potentials respectively. 

Various arrangements for the protection rectifier and its possible applications are described in Chapter 8. Large fluctuations of the protection current can be reduced by a current-reducing resistor, R (see Fig. 15-7). This means that the pipe/ soil potential in the middle becomes less negative. A current smoothing action can be achieved with rectifiers connected to the network or by reducing losses by an inductive resistance between the transformer and bridge rectifier (see Section 8.4). 

San Diego Gas Electric s expander is installed in parallel to a major city gate station. This type of system could be installed on a pressure reducing station supplying natural gas to an electric power plant. Large regulator stations serving industrial customers are another possible application. 

Rossmann, M.G. Antiviral agents targeted to interact with viral capsid proteins and a possible application to human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85 4625-4627, 1988. 

Sauerer (1991) has listed possible applications for these polymers Table 31.4). 

The occurrence of fine structures has already been noted in the sections on spectral information and ionization losses (Sects. 2.5.3 and 2.5.3.2). In the following text some principal considerations are made about the physical background and possible applications of both types of feature, i. e. near-edge and extended energy-loss fine structures (ELNES/EXELFS). A wealth of more detailed information on their usage is available, especially in textbooks [2.171, 2.173] and monographs [2.210-2.212]. 

Stecco, S., S., Kalina Cycle Some Possible Applications and Comments, Proc. American Power Conf., Vol. 55-1, ppl96-201, 1993,... 

There are numerous possible applications for air curtains. For example, air curtains may be used to heat a body of linear dimensions (as used to move the fresh snow from the railway exchanges in Canada) to function as a partition between two parts of one volume to function as a partition between an internal room and an external environment, that have different thermodynamic properties and to shield an opening in a small working volume (see Section 10.4.6). 

During the course of these mechanistic studies a wide range of possible applications of this reaction have been revealed. When the reduction is carried out with lithium aluminum deuteride and the anion complex decomposed with water, a monodeuterio compound (95) is obtained in which 70% of the deuterium is in the 3a-position. Reduction with lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis with deuterium oxide yields mainly (70 %) the 3j5-di-epimer (96), while for the preparation of dideuterio compounds (94) both steps have to be carried out with deuterated reagents. ... 

SWCNTs exhibit exceptional properties which are directly related to their defect-free graphitic structure. The current list of possible applications includes ... 

It is the purpose of the present review to examine in what wa the Hammett equation can be applied to heterocyclic systems, to give examples of such applications, and to examine the special problems which arise in the process. In view of the tremendous difficulties involved in systematically searching the literature for the type of data required, no attempt wiU be made at an exhaustive coverage of all available information. The different possible applications will be discussed and, where feasible, illustrated. If an unjustified number of such illustrations are taken from the authors work, this should be... 

Possible applications of MIP membranes are in the field of sensor systems and separation technology. With respect to MIP membrane-based sensors, selective ligand binding to the membrane or selective permeation through the membrane can be used for the generation of a specific signal. Practical chiral separation by MIP membranes still faces reproducibility problems in the preparation methods, as well as mass transfer limitations inside the membrane. To overcome mass transfer limitations, MIP nanoparticles embedded in liquid membranes could be an alternative approach to develop chiral membrane separation by molecular imprinting [44]. 

A survey about the possible applications of natural fibers in automobiles, as presently developed, is shown in Fig. 1. 

Propellers are the predominant propulsive devices driving ships, although water jets are now used in some high-speed ships. An experimental installation in a small ship of a magnetohydrodynamic propulsor has been tested, but it achieved rather low propulsive efficiency. Fish-like propulsion also has been examined for possible application to ships and underwater vehicles. 

See if you can come up with an extensive range of possible applications of biological transformations that may facilitate separation and use of the racemates. (Think of the application of enzymatically mediated transformations which we describe earlier, this should help you to come up with several ideas). 

The various existing types of electrochemical storage system differ in the nature of the chemical reaction, structural features and form, reflecting the large number of possible applications. 

To judge which battery systems are reasonable for a possible application, a wide knowledge of the principles of functioning and the different materials utilized is necessary. The following sections therefore present a short introduction on this topic and on the basic mechanisms of batteries... 

An overview of the most important quaternary ammonium salts tested for possible applicability in zinc-bromine batteries is presented in Table 2. A rough classification has been applied according to the substance classes of the substituents attached to the nitrogen. 

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