Work authorization

No entry without a specific permit-to-work authorizing the work entry without a permit is forbidden except for rescue purposes... 

Proof of insurance is required for vendors who perform warranty work, authorized service representatives, air conditioning service/ maintenance, minor maintenance, or minor maintenance/repairs for electrical, plumbing, etc., or landscaping, cleaning, and so on. This excludes individuals who will not exceed 1,500 labor cost and do not require entry into an exclusion/contamination zone. 

Contract employees must perform their work safely. Considering that contractors often perform very specialized and potentially hazardous tasks, such as confined space entry activities and nonroutine repair activities, their work must be controlled while they are on or near a process covered by PSM. A permit system or work authorization system for these activities is helpful for all affected employers. The use of a work authorization system keeps an employer informed of contract employee activities. Thus, the employer has better coordination and more management control over the work being performed in the process area. 

Nonroutine work eondueted in proeess areas must be eontrolled by the employer in a eonsistent manner. The hazards identified involving the work to be aeeomplished must be eommunieated to those doing the work and to those operating personnel whose work eould aflfeet the safety of the proeess. A work authorization notiee or permit must follow a proeedure that deseribes the steps the maintenanee supervisor, eontraetor representative, or other person needs to follow to obtain the neeessary elearanee to start the job. The work authorization proeedures must referenee and eoordinate, as applieable, loekout/tagout proeedures, line breaking proeedures, eonfined spaee entry proeedures, and hot work authorizations. This proeedure also must provide elear steps to follow onee the job is eompleted to provide elosure for those who need to know the job is now eompleted and that equipment ean be returned to normal. 

Contract employee safety is controlled through work authorizations that applies to ail workers. Work authorizations allow management to safely coordinate contract empi o cc act i vitics with emplovte activities. 

The hazards of management-controlled nonroutine work in the process areas must be communicated to affected individuals. The work permit prescribes the procedures that must be followed to get the permit. Work authorization procedures specify lockout/tagout, line breaking., confined space entry, and hot work authorization through clear steps leading to job completion, closure, and return to normal. 

The audit includes a review of the process safety information, inspection of the physical facilities, and interviews with all levels of plant personnel. Using the procedures and checklist, the team systematically analyzes compliance with the PSM Rule and any other relevant corporate policies. The training program is reviewed for adequacy of content, frequency and effectiveness of training. Interviews determine employee knowledge and awareness ofthe safety procedures, duties, rules, and emergency response assignments. The team identifies deficiencies in the application of safety and health policies, procedures, and work authorization practices to determine live actions. 

Within the maintenance system, there is generally a means to determine when maintenance work is required and when that work is completed. Different facilities call such records by different names, among them work orders, work requests, trouble tickets, maintenance records, and work authorizations. Despite the variation in names, this valuable information contains ... 

In the present chapter, only the recent work has been reviewed and for some of the interesting previous work, authors are advised to look into the following reviews [2, 4, 5]. 

Carl Friedrich Wenzel, 1740-1793. German physician and chemist. Chief assessor of the Freiberg mines and later chemist at the Meissen porcelain works. Author of The Doctrine of the Affinity of Substances, a work that deals primarily with chemical proportions. He determined quantitatively the amounts of various acids necessary to neutralize given quantities of plant alkali (KOH) and mineral alkali (NaOH). 

Likewise, Barry Alford, in his multi-disciplinary DCM project, found that the study of real student work authored by our [MMCC] students produced a lexicon with which faculty across the curriculum could discuss not only assessment, but also curriculum, teaching methods, and other issues around which they had not previously been able to converse. In Alford s words, their DCM efforts allowed MMCC faculty for the first time... 

Rearmament gave the impetus to start the improvements at the CAD first proposed three years earlier. Works authorized at this time included the upgrading of the temporary districts at Monkton Farleigh, pillar strengthening in Tunnel Quarry and enhancements of the air-conditioning and ventilation in all the quarries. A further 135,000 schedule of new works, principally the improvement of the various temporary loading platforms, was not proceeded with due to financial restrictions. 

Editedl by Peter Taylor from work authored by Richard Taylor... 

M.G. Vargas would like to thank the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UN AM, FES-Cuautitlan, Depto de Qufmica) for time and resources to complete this work. Author B. Vallejo-Cordoba would like to acknowledge the Research Center for Food and Development (Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacidn y Desarrollo, A.C., CIAD, A.C.) for their financial assistance, Dr. James Landers for his kind invitation to make this contribution, and Dr. Norberto Guzman for sharing his enthusiasm on CE technology. 

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