Kalina cycle

Stecco, S., S., Kalina Cycle Some Possible Applications and Comments, Proc. American Power Conf., Vol. 55-1, ppl96-201, 1993,... 

Kainite, 5 785t 20 626-627 Kaldo process, 14 742-743 Kaldo rotating converter, 16 151 Kalina cycle, 12 532 Kallikrein, 4 86-87 K photon, 26 432 Kalrez, 7 641 Kaluszite, 5 785t... 

Use pre-flash, feed conditioning, feed-product heat exchange, heat pumps, dividing-wall columns (Premkumar and Rangaiah, 2009), intermediate heat exchangers, optimize pump around flows. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina Cycle (KC) to recover power (Chew et al., 2014)... 

In the mid 1980s, a new thermodynamic power cycle using a multicomponent working fluid as ammonia-water with a different composition in the boiler and condenser was proposed (known as the Kalina cycle). The use of a non-azeotropic mixture decreases the loss of availability in a heat recovery boiler when the heat source is a sensible heat source, and in a condenser when the temperature decreases with heat exchange. Most heat input to a plant s working fluid is from variable temperature heat sources. 

Eniek, R.M., Donahey, G.P., Holsinger, M., Modelling the high pressirre ammoniawater system with WATAM and the Peng Robinson Equation of State for Kalina cycles studies. Industrial Engineering chemistry Research 37 (1998) 1644. 

A binary working fluid NH3/H2O with for instance 80 % NH3 and 20 % H2O is used in the Kalina cycles. A flow diagram of one type of Kalina cycle (from Leibowitz and Mlcak, 1999) is shown in fig. 5. The cycle is applied here with HR-steam as heat source and process water as cooling media. In a Kalina cycle the concentration of the NH3/H2O mixture is varying. Afler the evaporation the fluid is partitioned in the separator into an NH3-rich gas stream, to be led to the turbine, and an H20-rich stream, to be cooled in a preheater and mixed back to the NH3-rich stream after the turbine. The mixture is then cooled in a recuperator, condensed and pumped back to the evaporator. 

Kalina cycles have been given credit of higher efficiencies than the basic ORC, (e.g. DiPippo, 1999). 

Within this system, two power plant types exist a) Kalina cycle, and b) Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). These types of power plants are commonly used in low-temperature environments (< 120°C). 

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