Polyphenylene Sulfide PPS Resin

PPS is made by heating / -dichlorobenzene with Na2S in a polar solvent to give poly(thio-1,4-phenylene), simply termed polyphenylene sulfide. 

The PPS polymer can be adjusted to give the required molar mass and has a largely linear structure, with a narrow distribution of chain length of the molecules. 

In addition to the normal melting point at 275°C, there is a small peak at about 220°C referred to as an annealing peak. 

Crystallization and morphology [156-158] have been considered. With materials processed at high temperatures, the type of size used on the carbon fiber is important [159] and the effect of physical aging on the toughness of PES composites [160] has been determined. 

3 IMPROVING THE BOND WITH CARBON FIBER/THERMOPLASTICS 

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For the past 20 years, 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been used principally (35-55% of all uses) as a space deodorant for toilets and refuse containers, and as a fumigant for control of moths, molds, and mildews. A significant amount of 1,4-dichlorobenzene is exported (34%), with lesser amounts used in the production of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin (approximately 27% of its total use), and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals such as 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (approximately 10%). Minor uses of 1,4-dichlorobenzene also include its use in the control of certain tree-boring insects and ants, and in the control of blue mold in tobacco seed beds (Chemical Marketing Reporter 1990 HSDB 1998). 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Data on the production and uses of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the United States are available (C EN 1995 Chemical Marketing Reporter 1990 HSDB 1998 IRPTC 1985 SRI 1996 TRI96 1998). Production has increased over the past decade and is projected to increase for the next several years due to an increased demand for 1,4-dichlorobenzene to be used in the production of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins. Incineration is the recommended disposal method for 1,4-dichlorobenzene (HSDB 1998 IRPTC 1985). Disposal of this compound is controlled by... 

Polyimide and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins present a problem in that their high-temperature resistance generally requires that the adhesive have similar thermal proper-... 

Pol5dmide and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins present a problem in that their high temperature resistance generally requires that the adhesive have similar thermal properties. Thus, high-temperature epoxies adhesive are most often used with polyimide and PPS parts. Joint strength is superior (greater than 1000 Ib/in ), but thermal resistance is not better than the best epoxy systems (300-400°F continuous). 

Many semicompatible rubbery polymers are added to increase the impact resistance of other polymers, such as PS. Other comminuted resins, such as silicones or polyfluorocarbons, are added to increase the lubricity of other plastics. For example, a hot melt dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) in polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is used as a coating for antistick cookware. 

Matrix materials for commercial composites are mainly liquid thermosetting resins such as polyesters, vinyl esters, epoxy resins, and bismaleimide resins. Thermoplastic composites are made from polyamides, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone, polyetherim-ide (PEI), and polyamide-imide (PAI). 

To illustrate this effect on colors, three single-pigment colors (blue, red, and yellow) were developed in three different resin systems. Blue and yellow were produced in acetal (POM), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and LCP. The red color was prepared in nylon 6,6, PPS, and LCP. The acetal and nylon resins are translucent while the PPS and LCP are opaque at the 3.2-mm sample thickness. In all three colors, the more translucent resins produced visually more brilliant, higher chroma colors than the more opaque resins with increased diffuse scattering. 

Engineering thermoplastic resins (ETP) are those whose set of properties (mechanical, thermal, chemical) allows them to be used in engineering applications. They are more expensive than commodity thermoplastics and generally include polyamides (PA), polycarbonate (PC), linear polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyphenylene ether (PPE) and polyoxymethylene (POM). Specialty resins show more specialized performance, often in terms of a continuous service temperature of 200°C or more and are significantly more expensive than engineering resins. This family include fluoropolymers, liquid crystal polymers (LCP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), aromatic polyamides (PARA), polysulfones (P ), polyimides and polyetherimides. 

During the last 40 years, ABS blends with most polymers have been patented. For example, wdth PVC in 1951, PC (introduced in 1958) in 1960, polyamide (PA-6) a year later [Grabowski, 1961a], polysulfone (PSF) in 1964, CPE in 1965, PET in 1968, polyarylether sulfone (PAES) and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) in 1969 (the blend is one of two resins called high heat ABS — the other being ABS in which at least a part of styrene was replaced with p-methylstyrene), polyethersulfone (PES) in 1970, polyarylates (PAr) in 1971, polyurethane in 1976, polyarylether (PPE or PAE) in 1982, with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) in 1991, etc. 

Nonetheless, it can be seen that a range of fillers and polymeric matrices were studied and different ways were used for the production of composite bipolar plates. Graphite and carbon black as fillers are to be found in nearly every study, and accordingly, some polymers are preferred to be used for composite bipolar plates. The reasons for both the fillers and the matrices are obvious. Graphite and carbon black have outstanding chemical stability against corrosion when compared with metallic fillers they achieve an adequate conductivity and are obtainable at a reasonable price. In case of the matrices the chemical corrosion resistance is also a main criterion, and polyolefin materials, fluoropolymers, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and phenolic resins are particularly favored. 

Thermoplastic matrices may also be used with the microdrop method [58,61] A method to form thermoplastic matrix material microdrops in various fiber-thermoplastic systems has been reported by Gaur et al. [58]. They measured the interfacial shear strength of carbon and aramid fibers embedded in four thermoplastic resins polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS),... 

PVC = polyvinyl chloride, PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride, PPS = polyphenylene sulfide, ENR = epoxy novolac resin. d The lower the preparation temperatures, the higher the reversible and irreversible capacities (within the limits specified in the table). e The reversible capacity depends on the cycle number, cutoff voltage, and other experimental parameters. Maximal reversible capacity around 650 mAh/gr could be obtained. 

PB PBI PBMA PBO PBT(H) PBTP PC PCHMA PCTFE PDAP PDMS PE PEHD PELD PEMD PEC PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEN PEO PES PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA PMI PMP POB POM PP PPE PPP PPPE PPQ PPS PPSU PS PSU PTFE PTMT PU PUR Poly(n.butylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Poly(n.butyl methacrylate) Poly(benzoxazole) Poly(benzthiazole) Poly(butylene glycol terephthalate) Polycarbonate Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene) Poly(diallyl phthalate) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Polyethylene High density polyethylene Low density polyethylene Medium density polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly-ether-ether ketone poly(ethylene glycol) Poly-ether-imide Poly-ether ketone Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly-ether sulfone Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methacryl imide) Poly(methylpentene) Poly(hydroxy-benzoate) Polyoxymethylene = polyacetal = polyformaldehyde Polypropylene Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) = Poly(phenylene oxide) Polyp araphenylene Poly(2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) Poly(phenyl quinoxaline) Polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfide Polyphenylene sulfone Polystyrene Polysulfone Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Polyurethane Polyurethane rubber... 

Table V Indicates the good retention of electrical properties exhibited by the 40% glass-filled PPS at temperatures up to 147°C. In addition, exposure of test specimens to 50 per cent relative humidity for 5 days did not cause any appreciable change In either dielectric constant or dissipation factor. Thus, environmental factors do not have much effect upon the electrical behavior of polyphenylene sulfide resins.

Macallum reported that polymers prepared in this manner generally contained more than one sulfur atom per repeat unit (x in the range 1.0-1.3) (2). In addition the polymerization reaction was highly exothermic and difficult to control even on a small scale (3). Later Lenz and co-workers at Dow reported another synthesis of PPS (4,5,6) based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving the self-condensation of materials such as copper p-bromothiophenoxide. The reaction was carried out at 200-250°C under nitrogen in the solid state or in the presence of a reaction medium such as pyridine. It was quite difficult to remove the by-product, copper bromide, from polymers made by this process (7). These and other methods of polymerization have been reviewed by Smith (8). Polyphenylene sulfide resins have been described more recently by Short and Hill (9). 

PVC = polyvinyl chloride, PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride, PPS = polyphenylene sulfide, ENR = epoxy novolac resin. 

PPH1FR. See Polypropylene PPO. See Polyphenylene ether PPOA. See Phenyl phosphonic acid PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide resin PPS. See Pyridinium propyl sulfobetaine PPS-OH4b% w/v, PPS-OH 50% w/v, PPS-OH. See 1-(2-Hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) pyridinium betaine... 

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