Boring insects

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

The first commercially available HCH insecticide sometimes misleadingly called benzene hexachloride (BHC) was a mixture of isomers, principally alpha HCH (65-70%), beta HCH (7-10%), and gamma HCH (14-15%). Most of the insecticidal activity was due to the gamma isomer (Figure 5.1), a purified preparation of which (>99% pure) was marketed as lindane. In Western countries, technical HCH was quickly replaced by lindane, but in some other countries (e.g., China) the technical product, which is cheaper and easier to produce, has continued to be used. HCH has been used as a seed dressing, a crop spray, and a dip to control ectoparasites of farm animals. It has also been used to treat timber against wood-boring insects. 

For the past 20 years, 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been used principally (35-55% of all uses) as a space deodorant for toilets and refuse containers, and as a fumigant for control of moths, molds, and mildews. A significant amount of 1,4-dichlorobenzene is exported (34%), with lesser amounts used in the production of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin (approximately 27% of its total use), and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals such as 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (approximately 10%). Minor uses of 1,4-dichlorobenzene also include its use in the control of certain tree-boring insects and ants, and in the control of blue mold in tobacco seed beds (Chemical Marketing Reporter 1990 HSDB 1998). 

Because of their similar life cycles, habits, damage to corn, and apparent resistance to conventional corn rootworm insecticides, we could expect both the PSB and HBV to increase their densities and/or range throughout the Midwest much as the PSB has (9,12). These concerns are evident in the 1985 establishment of a multistate regional research effort entitled "Impact of integrated crop management practices on European corn borer and related stalk boring insects". 

WOOD PRESERVATIVE. A material applied to wood to prevent its destruction by fungi, wood-boring insects, marine borers and fire. A common characteristic of these materials is toxicity to those organisms that attack wood, or in the case of fire retardants the ability to control combustion in terms defined by the Underwriters Laboratory. In addition, a satisfactory wood preservative must aiso (a) be capable of penetrating wood, (bi remain in the wood for extended periods withonl losing its effectiveness due to chemical breakdown, (c) be harmless to humans and animals, (d) be noncorrosive and. (e) be available in quantity at a reasonable cost, Foi certain uses, the preservative may be required to be colorless, odorless, nonswellmg and paintable. 

Uses insecticide/fungicide/herbicide control of termites as wood preservatives to protect against fungal rots and wood boring insects as a pre-harvest defoliant in cotton and also as a general pre-emergence herbicide. 

Fenvalerate or (RS)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbuty rate Pyrethroid Nonsystemic insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action Control of biting and boring insects in crops and flying and crawling insects in public areas 11-24... 

Breaches in the wrapping material may allow colonisation by wood-boring insects. A survey of 1,568 Mary Rose timbers stored in polyethylene bags revealed the presence of wharf-borer beetle larvae in 2% of these timbers. Attack by this insect is not always apparent from examination of the timber... 

MAJOR USES Fumigant for moths, molds, mildews, ants, soil, tree boring insects germicide used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, mothballs, toilet deodorizer blocks. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as a fumigant popular for domestic use against clothes moths used as a deodorant for garbage and restrooms used as an insecticide for control of ants, fruitborers, and tree-boring insects. 

Heat is a very effective method for an all-stage kill of most wood-boring beetles. Detailed lethal temperature and exposure time has been determined for powder-post beetles. Wood-boring insects will dehydrate above 44 °C... 

LIEUTIER, F., DAY, K.R., BATTISTI, A., GREGOIRE, J.-C., EVANS, H., Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004, 569 p. 

CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate)- A pesticide that is forced into wood under high pressure to protect it from termites, other wood boring insects, and decay caused by fungus... 

The pyrethroid racemate fenvalerate (21) [76], a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action, shows efficacy against chewing, sucking and boring insects such as lepidoptera (cotton 30-150 g-a.i. ha ), coleoptera (potatoes 100-200 g-a.i. ha ) and others (Table 35.4). 

PCP and its salts were introduced into commerce in 1936 and were one of the most heavily used substances in North America for many years. They were used primarily as a timber preservative to control molds, wood-boring insects, termites, and a variety of fiingal rots. Their widespread use was due to their solubility in both aqueous and organic solvents. They were so successful that their use was extended to other applications such as in petrochemic drilling fluids, paints, oils, leather, masonry, paper mill systems, agricultural seeds, rope, and in cooling tower water. 

In cases where the polyethylene alone cannot be made to resist certain chemicals, such as hydrocarbon fuels, other materials can be extruded over the outer polyethylene jacket for an additional measure of protection for exposed cable. In these cases the added materials themselves may not be ideally suited for use as a stand-alone cable jacket due to certain material properties, cost, or other considerations. However, when extruded over a base polyethylene outer jacket the overall sheath combination results in composite structure that is resistant to a wide range of operating conditions and environmental concerns. Oversheaths consisting of nylon are available from some manufacturers and can be useful in heavy industrial environments where exposure to known aggressive chemicals is likely. Nylon also has been shown to improve the sheath s resistance to boring insects. 

Valcke, A., 1995. Farox, a novel insect growth regulator for use against wood-boring insects. International Research Group on Wood Preservation and Wood Protection Chemicals, Section 3, 1995 (IRG/WP 95-30080). 

Farr, I.J. and Chesmore, E.D. (2005) Acoustic detection and recognition of wood-boring insects. Royal Entomological Society National Meeting Entomology 2005, 12-14 September 2005, University of Sussex, Royal Entomological Society. 

Copper and zinc naphthenate based products can be safely used as fungicidal treatments for woods, canvas, jute, cork, burlap, cotton, hemp, etc. They offer outstanding resistance to cellulose rotting fungi, termites and wood-boring insects adding years of service to these items. 

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