Bond , 16-25 with carbon

Structural parameters and interatomic distances derived from electron diffraction (7) (77JST(42)l2i) and X-ray diffraction (8) studies (76AX(B)3178) provide unequivocal evidence that pyrazine is planar with >2a symmetry. There is an increased localization of electron density in the carbon-nitrogen bonds, with carbon-carbon bonds being similar in length to those in benzene. ... 

Although titanium does not form a stable bond with carbon, organotitanium polymers have been formed such as polyalkoxytitanoxanes and polymeric titanate esters (Figure 29.14). 

In contrast to phosphorus esters, sulfur esters are usually cleaved at the carbon-oxygen bond with carbon-fluorine bond formation Cleavage of esteri nf methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesidfonic acid, and especially trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid (tnflic acid) by fluoride ion is the most widely used method for the conversion of hydroxy compounds to fluoro derivatives Potassium fluoride, triethylamine trihydrofluoride, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride are common sources of the fluoride ion For the cleavage of a variety of alkyl mesylates and tosylates with potassium fluoride, polyethylene glycol 400 is a solvent of choice, the yields are limited by solvolysis of the leaving group by the solvent, but this phenomenon is controlled by bulky substituents, either in the sulfonic acid part or in the alcohol part of the ester [42] (equation 29)... 

Enolate reactivity depends on the electrophile. Enolates generally form CC bonds with carbon electrophiles, and OSi bonds with silicon electrophiles. 

M—C metal bonded with carbon in some organometallic compds... 

The low value of the expl power of oxygen atoms bonded with carbon and hydrogen atoms in such a group as COOH had already been stressed by Stettbacher (Ref 2), who also pointed out that an exception is provided by peroxides and ozonides which form exothermic bonds that considerably enhance expl performance... 

The transfer of an electron to the iron atom is compatible with the electroneutrality principle. The electronegativity of iron is 1.8, leading to 12% ionic character of the iron-carbon bonds and to the satisfactory value +0.04 for the resultant charge on an iron atom that has accepted an electron and is forming nine bonds with carbon atoms. 

For double bond of 2P1-orbital the carbon atom has PE-parameter - (8.5043 eV) - similar to PE-parameter of hydrogen atom (table 1). Therefore one of the freed hydrogen atoms join the double bond C=C available in NADPN with the formation of single bond with carbon atom [9],... 

In particular, chemists observed that nickel could bond with carbon monoxide. The resulting compound, nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(C0)4, is a gas. At the time, the nature of the bonding in this compound was unexplainable. Even so, chemists could easily produce and decompose Ni(C0)4. The chemical reactions involved were used to purify nickel, and led to the establishment of a company that later became International Nickel Company, INCO. 

In brief, the effects of fluorination on the molecular properties stem from the combination of the atomic properties of the fluorine atom strong electronegativity, small size, excellent overlap of the 2s or2p orbitals with the corresponding orbitals of carbon, and very strong bond with carbon. 

In the case of the formaldehyde molecule, you have to create a double bond between carbon and one of the outer atoms. Oxygen is the only choice for a double-bond partner, because each hydrogen can accommodate only two electrons in its shell. So use two of the electrons assigned to oxygen to create a second bond with carbon. 

How can hydrogen atoms form four identical bonds with carbon Conceptually, two things happen to produce the four equivalent orbitals necessciry for methane ... 

Most of the ring-opening reactions of aziridines may be formulated -.as nucleophilic substitution reactions, in which one of the oarbon- nitrogen bonds is broken and a new bond with carbon is formed. In this section, ring-opening reactions are classified ou the basis of the element which is joined to the carbon atom in the newly formed bond of the reaction product. ... 

There are more complex examples of metal ion catalysis. Cobalt in vitamin B12 reactions forms covalent bonds with carbons of substrates.41,42 Metals can also act as electron conduits in redox reactions. For example, in cytochrome c the iron in the heme is reversibly oxidized and reduced. 

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