Chemokines polymorphonuclear neutrophils

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

The first immune cells to recognize the foreign body and to be activated are the tissue resident leukocytes (mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes). These local leukocytes are mainly involved in the local tissue function, homeostasis and immune surveillance, and in the presence of a foreign body they may release cytokines and chemokines that drive the recruitment of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and inflammatory monocytes from the blood stream (Franz et al., 2011). 

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