Nitric oxide production

Considerable support exists for Reaction 18a (35). The application of an electrostatic field during radiolysis of ethylene-nitric oxide (I.P. 9.25 e.v.) mixtures showed no enhancement of the butene yields, consistent with an ionic mechanism. When mixtures of C2D4 and C2H4 are irradiated in the presence of nitric oxide, product butene consists almost entirely of C4H8, C4D4H4, and C4D8—evidence for a molecular association mechanism. 

Chitosan also shows immunopotentiating activity the mechanism involves, at least in part, the production of interferon-gamma and the stimulatory effect on nitric oxide production. Chitosan-based dressings also modulate peroxide production [312,314-318]. 

Dipyridamole exerts its effect by inhibition of platelet phosphodiesterase E5, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). By inhibiting its uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes, dipyridamole also increases the availability of adenosine within blood vessels, promoting inhibition of platelet aggregation and local vasodilatation. " Dipyridamole may also inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase in platelets, which further increases cAMP levels and may enhance endothelial nitric oxide production, contributing to its antithrombotic effect. Existing trials of dipyridamole in stroke have focused on secondary prevention and will be discussed briefly. 

Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production augments skin vasoconstriction in the rabbit ear. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22, 290-296. 

Szab6, C., Alternations in nitric oxide production in various forms of circulatory shock. New Horiz. 3,2-32 (1995). 

Waksman Y, Olson SM, Carlisle SJ, Cabral, GA. The central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) mediates inhibition of nitric oxide production by rat microglial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999 288 1357-1366. 

Je KH, Han AR, Lee HT, Mar W, Seo EK. The inhibitory principle of lipopolysaccha-ride-induced nitric oxide production from Inula britannica var. chinensis. Arch Pharm Res 2005 27 83-85. 

Matsuda H, Tadashi K, Iwao T, Hiroki U, Toshio M, Masayuki Y. Inhibitory effects of sesquiterpenes from bay leaf on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated... 

Lee, S.J,. Bai, S.K., Lee, K.S. et al. 2003. Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cells 16 97-105. 

Mitome, M., Shirakawa, T., Oshima, S., Nakamura, W. Oguchi, H. (2001). Circadian rhythm of nitric oxide production in the dorsal region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 303, 161-4. 

Williams, J. A., Vincent, S. R. Reiner, R B. (1997). Nitric oxide production in rat thalamus changes with behavioral state, local depolarization, and brainstem stimulation. J. Neurosci. 17, 420-7. 

S. Uhlmann, U. Friedrichs,W. Eichler, S. Hoffmann, and P. Wiedemann, Direct measurement of VEGF-induced nitric oxide production by choroidal endothelial cells. Microvasc. Res. 62, 179-189 (2001). 

M. Tsatmali, A. Graham, D. Szatkowski, J. Ancans, P. Manning, C.J. McNeil, A.M. Graham, and A.J. Thody, Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone modulates nitric oxide production in melanocytes. 

G. Larfars, F. Lantoine, M.A. Devynck, and H. Gyllenhammar, Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide production in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 59, 361-368 (1999). 

Z.G. Jiang, X.R. Shi, H. Zhao, J.Q. Si, and A.L. Nuttall, Basal nitric oxide production contributes to membrane potential and vasotone regulation of guinea pig in vitro spiral modiolar artery. Hear. Res. 189, 92-100 (2004). 

Y. Sakihama, S. Nakamura, and H. Yamasaki, Nitric oxide production mediated by nitrate reductase in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii an alternative NO production pathway in photosynthetic organisms. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 290-297 (2002). 

H. Yamasaki, Y. Sakihama, and S. Takahashi, An alternative pathway for nitric oxide production in plants new features of an old enzyme. Trends Plant Sci. 4, 128-129 (1999). 

Bor JY, Chen HY and Yen GC. 2006. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of some common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 54(5) 1680-1686. 

To study the effects of iron overloading on inflammatory cells, Muntane et al. [186] investigated the effect of iron dcxtran administration on the acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced glanuloma. It was found that iron dcxtran increased the iron content in plasma and stores, and enhanced lipid peroxidation and superoxide production by inflammatory cells. At the same time, iron dcxtran had a beneficial effect on recovery from the anemia of inflammation. It has been suggested that iron overload may affect nitric oxide production in animals. For example, alveolar macrophages from iron-overloaded rats stimulated with LPS or interferon-7 diminished NO release compared to normal rats [187]. 

As mentioned earlier, extensive literature is dedicated to the study of functions of NO synthases under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Much attention has been drawn to the capacity of these enzymes to generate free radicals. The mechanism of nitric oxide production by NO synthases was widely discussed and are presented in Figure 22.3 [147]. 

It should also be mentioned that superoxide and not nitric oxide production by eNOS may have implications for atherosclerosis and septic shock due to imbalance between NO and superoxide formation, for example due to an increase in TNF-a production [164]. These pathophysiological functions of NO synthases will be considered in detail in Chapter 31. 

Calcium antagonists are able to affect nitric oxide production and suppress the peroxyni-trite-induced damage. Thus, nifedipine enhanced the bioavailability of endothelial NO in porcine endothelial cell cultures supposedly through an antioxidative mechanism [288], Pretreatment with nisoldipine, a vascular-selective calcium blocker of dihydropyridine-type, of confluent bovine aortic endothelial cells suppressed the peroxynitrite-induced GSH loss and increased cell survival [289]. 

It has already been noted above that hyperglycemia may affect nitric oxide production in different ways. Mohan and Das [129] demonstrated that NO prevented (3-cell damage in the model of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. However, far more important data on the role of nitric oxide in diabetes development were obtained in the study of diabetic patients. Thus, Kedziora-Kornatowska [130] showed that there is difference in superoxide and NO production by the granulocytes from NIDDM patients NO production was increased in diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy, while superoxide production was increased or decreased in the same patients, respectively. 

Wassmann S, Laufs U, Stamenkovic D, Linz W, Stasch JP, Ahlbory K, Rosen R, Bohm M, Nickening G (2002) Raloxifene improves endothelial dysfunction in hypertension by reduced oxidative stress and enhanced nitric oxide production. Circulation 105 2083-2091... 

Laskin, D.L. et al., Distinct patterns of nitric oxide production in hepatic macrophages... 

Tian, L. and Lawrence, D.A., Lead inhibits nitric oxide production in vitro by murine splenic macrophages, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 132, 156, 1995. 

Chakravortty, D. et al., The inhibitory action of sodium arsenite on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 267.4 macrophage cells A role of Raf-1 in lipopolysaccharide signaling,./. Immunol., 166, 2011, 2001. 

Chung, S-J., Fung, H-L., Relationship between nitroglycerin-induced vascular relaxation and nitric oxide production. Probes with inhibitors and tolerance development. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45 (1993), p. 157-163... 

Z. Z., Morris, S. M., )r., Coinduction of nitric oxide synthase and argininosuccinate synthetase in a murine macrophage cell line. Implications for regulation of nitric oxide production,/. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994), p. 1257-12561... 

Fujiwara, N., Okado, A., Seo, H. G., Fujii, J., Kondo, K., Taniguchi, N., Quinazoline derivatives suppress nitric oxide production by macrophages through inhibition of NOS II gene expression, FEBS Lett. 395 (1996), p. 299-303... 

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