Polymorphonuclear leukocytes neutrophils

The manifestations of inflammation with deep-seated infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, and urinary tract infection must be ascertained by examining tissues or fluids. For example, the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in spinal fluid, lung secretions (sputum), and urine is highly suggestive of bacterial infection. 

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils/mast cells"... 

Newburger et al. 1948 Pietras et al. 1968), and a decrease (Pietras et al. 1968) or an increase (McCarron et al. 1981) in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) were observed in individuals ingesting a single dose of white phosphoms. 

Human leukocyte elastase (HLE EC 3.4.21.37 also known as human neutrophil elastase, HNE) [1] is a strongly basic glycoprotein which is produced by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) and is released from their azurophilic granules [2]. HLE exists as at least four distinct isozymes, which range in molecular weight from 24 [3] to 30 kDa [4] and appear to differ only in carbohydrate content [5]. Furthermore, human sputum elastase (HSE), which is isolated from purulent sputum as at least five distinct isozymes [6], is both immunologically and catalytically indistinguishable from HLE [7] and is believed to be identical to it. 

PMN Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, neutrophils that clean up the cell debris from acute inflammation. 

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) Monocytes and lymphocytes Fibroblasts and endothelial cells (capillaries) Macrophages and foreign body giant cells Fibroblasts... 

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 % glycogen solution into male guinea-pigs, and collected by centrifugation in PBS (Ohura et al., 1990). The washed cells were resuspended in Dulbecco s modified Eagle... 

Borregaard N, Cowland JB Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1997 89 3503. 

LEUKOCYTES. Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in the cellular and humoral defense of the organism against foreign materials. They are grouped into two classes polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which comprise neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and mononuclear leukocytes that include lymphocytes and monocytes. Of these, neutrophils and lymphocytes have been suggested as potential cellular carriers. 

The full name of these cells is neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but the terms neutrophil and, less-commonly now, polymorph are generally used to describe this cell (Fig. 1.1a). In fact, most preparations of neutrophils contain about 95-97% neutrophils, the remainder being largely eosinophils, because the commonly-used separation techniques do not efficiently separate these cell types. Neutrophils are the most abundant white cell in the blood, accounting for 40-65% of white blood cells, and are found at concentrations usually in the range 3-5 x 106 cells/ml blood. This number can increase dramatically (up to tenfold) in cases of infection. They have a relatively short half-life in the circulation (estimated at about 8-20 h), but this may be extended to up to several days if the cells leave the circulation and enter tissues - although it is difficult to measure the lifespan of a tissue neutrophil. Because of the large numbers of neutrophils in the circulation and their relatively short lifespan, vast numbers of neutrophils enter and... 

Malawista, S. E., Montgomery, R. R., Van Blaricom, G. (1992). Evidence for reactive nitrogen intermediates in killing of Staphylococci by human neutrophil cytoplasts A new microbicidal pathway for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 631-6. 

In comparison to GM-CSF, G-CSF is more lineage specific. A primary effect of G-CSF is to promote the conversion of granulocyte colony-forming units into polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mice that lack G-CSF have chronic neutropenia and reduced bone marrow myeloid precursors and progenitors. They also have a markedly impaired capacity to increase neutrophil and monocyte counts after infection. 

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes are all affected by several or all of these factors. Binding to specific receptors results in a variety of changes in the cells. These include alterations in membrane potential, cyclic nucleotide levels, and ion fluxes (Na+, K+, Ca2+) as well as increased methylation of specific proteins. 

The studies discussed above have all dealt with glycosphingolipids isolated from neutrophils that were derived from normal whole blood. Wherrett (16) has presented detailed structural analysis of a tetraglycosylceramide isolated from polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from the urine of a patient with a urinary tract infection. This glycosphingolipid was determined to be lactoneotetraosylceramide. 

Inflammatory mechanisms involving polymorphonuclear leukocytes may, in part, mediate radical-induced pathology in ischemia. In focal ischemia, intraischemic hypothermia was shown to attenuate neutrophil infiltration (115). 

An alternative source of the superoxide radical anion is leukocytic xanthine oxidase, acting in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of individuals with impairment of the NADPH oxidase system. Superoxide is one of the major metabolites produced in stimulated neutrophiles. Various estimations of Oj production yielded values ranging from 850 to 1350 p.mol/h/1010 cells (Bl, K16). 

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