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Polymers Celluloid

Cellulose is the most common organic compound on earth having the chemical formula (C6Hio05)n. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over 10,000 jS(l 4) linked D-glucose units [1, 2]. Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French Chemist Anselme Payen. It was used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870. Professor Hermann Staudinger who determined the structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was first chemically synthesized in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda [3]. [Pg.2]

The first semisynthetic polymer, celluloid, was prepared by Alexander Parkes in 1855. Adolph Spitteler and W. Kirsch prepared plastic from milk protein (casein) and formaldehyde in 1899. Buttons, handles, pens and piano keys were made from the new material and it was patented under the name Galalith (aka Erinoid in the United Kingdom). Fully synthetic Bakehte was fist formulated by Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863-1944) in 1907, and the age of plastics began with the discovery and large-scale industrial production of vulcanized rubber (1910), PVC (1926), polystyrene (1931), synthetic robber (1931-1935), polyethylene (1933), nylon... [Pg.302]

The rubber polyisoprene is a natural polymer. So, too, are cellulose and lignin, the main components of wood and straw, and so are proteins like wool or silk. We use cellulose in vast quantities as paper and (by treating it with nitric acid) we make celluloid and cellophane out of it. But the vast surplus of lignin left from wood processing, or available in straw, cannot be processed to give a useful polymer. If it could, it... [Pg.222]

Whereas celluloid was the first plastics material obtained by chemical modification of a polymer to be exploited, the phenolics were the first commercially successful fully synthetic resins. It is interesting to note that in 1963, by a merger of two subsidiary companies of the Union Carbide and the Distillers organisations, there was formed the Bakelite Xylonite Company, an intriguing marriage of two of the earliest names in the plastics industry. [Pg.5]

The first commercially available acetal resin was marketed by Du Pont in 1959 under the trade name Delrin after the equivalent of ten million pounds had been spent in research or polymers of formaldehyde. The Du Pont monopoly was unusually short lived as Celcon, as acetal copolymer produced by the Celanese Corporation, became available in small quantities in 1960. This material became commercially available in 1962 and later in the same year Farbwerke Hoechst combined with Celanese to produce similar products in Germany (Hostaform). In 1963 Celanese also combined with the Dainippon Celluloid Company of Osaka, Japan and Imperial Chemical Industries to produce acetal copolymers in Japan and Britain respectively under the trade names Duracon and Alkon (later changed to Kematal). In the early 1970s Ultraform GmbH (a joint venture of BASF and Degussa) introduced a copolymer under the name Ultraform and the Japanese company Asahi Chemical a homopolymer under the name Tenal. [Pg.531]

Today the principal outlets are knife handles, table-tennis balls and spectacle frames. The continued use in knife handles is due to the pleasant appearance and the ability of the material to after-shrink around the extension of the blade. Table-tennis balls continue to be made from celluloid since it has been difficult to match the bounce and handle of the celluloid ball, the type originally used, with balls fabricated from newer polymers. Even here celluloid is now meeting the challenge of synthetic polymers. Spectacle frames are still of interest because of the attractive colour. There are, however, restrictions to their use for this application in certain countries and cellulose acetate is often preferred. [Pg.621]

Polymers have come a long way from parkesine, celluloid and bakelite they have become functional as well as structural materials. Indeed, they have become both at the same time one novel use for polymers depends upon precision micro-embossing of polymers, with precise pressure and temperature control, for replicating electronic chips containing microchannels for capillary electrophoresis and for microfluidics devices or micro-optical components. [Pg.336]

Phenol-formaldehyde resins are the oldest thermosetting polymers. They are produced by a condensation reaction between phenol and formaldehyde. Although many attempts were made to use the product and control the conditions for the acid-catalyzed reaction described by Bayer in 1872, there was no commercial production of the resin until the exhaustive work by Baekeland was published in 1909. In this paper, he describes the product as far superior to amber for pipe stem and similar articles, less flexible but more durable than celluloid, odorless, and fire-resistant. ° The reaction between phenol and formaldehyde is either base or acid catalyzed, and the polymers are termed resols (for the base catalyzed) and novalacs (for the acid catalyzed). [Pg.346]

Any polymer that has commercial value must be stable under a variety of conditions. This means that it must not degrade when exposed to light, heat, or a variety of chemicals, including acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. Over time, polymers with superior stability have replaced less stable materials. For example, the first synthetic plastic, celluloid, is so highly flammable that it is no longer an important commercial polymer. [Pg.917]

The first of the thermoplastic synthetic polymers to be developed was celluloid, made by combining nitrated cellulose (pure cotton subjected to nitric acid) and camphor (C10H16O), a plasticizer. The motivation was a search for a replacement for the ivory used in making billiard balls. It became a commercial product circa 1865, and is still used for making ping-pong balls. [Pg.165]

The first partially synthetic polymer dates back to 1869, when cellulose (wood pulp) was nitrated (nitrocellulose). The cellulose became ptocessible, and with the further addition of camphor (which acted as a plasticizer), it became a clear, tough, moldable product with the trade name Celluloid. It was widely used at the end of the 19th century in the form of combs, brushes, photographic film, and shirt collars. [Pg.320]

In 1905, British inventor John C. Wood was working with cellulose and developed a method to adhere glass panes using celluloid as the adhesive. Wood s version of shatter-resistant glass was produced under the band name Triplex since it consisted of outer layers of glass with an inner layer of celluloid polymer. [Pg.394]

Till this time, polymer science was largely empirical, instinctive, and intuitive. Several polymers were commercially available prior to World War I celluloid, shellac, Galalith (casein), Bakelite, and cellulose acetate plastics hevea rubber, cotton, wool, and silk rayon fibers Glyptal polyester coatings bitumen or asphalt, and coumarone-indene and petroleum resins. However, as evidenced by the chronological data shown in Table 1.1, there was little... [Pg.742]

The solidified material, which he called Bakelite, was impervious to harsh acids or bases, wide temperature extremes, and just about any solvent. Bakelite quickly replaced celluloid as a molding medium, finding a wide variety of uses for several decades. It wasn t until the 1930s that alternative thermoset polymers (Section 12.4) began to challenge Bakelite s dominance in the evolving plastics industry. [Pg.615]

Parkes-Hyatt invention of parkesine/Xylonite/celluloid begins with a natural product, cellulose. The polymer formed, critics suggest, is not therefore completely synthetic. Baekeland s product, however, is made entirely of synthetic materials. [Pg.11]

The first man-made plastic was nitrocellulose, made in 1862 by nitrating the natural polymer, cellulose. Nitrocellulose, when mixed with a plasticizer such as camphor to make it more workable, was originally used as a replacement for ivory in billiard balls and piano keys and to make Celluloid collars. This material, from which the first movie film was made, is notoriously flammable. [Pg.545]

Before the development of synthetic polymers, people were limited to using natural substances such as stone, wood, metals, wool, and cotton. By the turn of the twentieth century, a few chemically treated natural polymers such as rubber and the first plastic, celluloid, had become available. Celluloid is made by treating cellulose from cotton or wood fiber with nitric acid. [Pg.761]

The first plastic was a mixture of cellulose nitrate and camphor invented in the 1860s by John Wesley Hyatt it was given the TM Celluloid. In 1899 Spit-teler developed a method of hardening casein with formaldehyde and thus founded the casein plastics industry, e.g., small items such as buttons. The earliest high-volume plastic, a condensation product of phenol and formaldehyde, was introduced by Leo Baekeland in 1907. Trademarked Bakelite, it was the first truly synthetic high polymer. Its chief use was as engineering material since its dark color limited its application to items in which color was not a factor. [Pg.1368]

The emergence of petrochemical-based polymer technologies and products underlay the most significant upheaval in the twentieth-century chemical industry. The 1920s witnessed a growing interest in polymer-based synthetic materials such as Bakelite, celluloid, and cellulose acetate. In the 1930s concentrated efforts—particularly by Du Pont, Dow, and Union Carbide—... [Pg.22]

The polymer industry got its start in 1863 when Phelan and Col-lander, a firm of billiard ball manufacturers, offered 10 000 to anyone who could develop a workable substitute for the ivory then used in making the balls. Ivory was becoming scarce as herds of elephants were killed for their tusks. John and Isaiah Hyatt of New jersey deveioped the plastic celluloid in 1870 while trying to make billiard balls, and it became popular for making dental plates, movie film, dice, and stiff collars and cuffs for men s shirts. However, the Hyatt brothers never got the 10 000 prize because billiard balls made from highly flammable celluloid tended to explode. [Pg.660]

Plastics are not, as many people believe, new materials. Their origin can be traced to 1847 when Shonbein produced the first thermoplastic resin, celluloid, by reaction of cellulose with nitric acid. However, the general acceptance and commercialization of plastics began during the Second World War when natural polymers, such as natural rubber, were in short supply. Thus, polystyrene was developed in 1937, low density polyethylene in 1941, whereas other commodity plastics such as high density polyethylene and polypropylene were introduced in 1957. [Pg.2]

In 1870, John Wesley Hyatt patented use of an excellent plasticizer for cellulose nitrate camphor ( ). This led to the successful launching of Celluloid. The combination of cellulose nitrate and camphor produced such an outstanding polymer composition that it stood as the standard of comparison for later plasticized compositions. Researchers began to study cellulose acetate as a less-flammable polymer base and to examine hundreds of substances to find a plasticizer that was analogous to camphor s performance in Celluloid. This search successively embraced other polymers as they became known. [Pg.613]

In 1910, the Celluloid Company patented use of triphenyl phosphate in combination with cellulose acetate to circumvent the inherent flammability danger of cellulose nitrate (5). Since then, use of phosphate plasticizers to reduce flammability of polymer compounds has become widespread. Other plasticizer types have become standards for their effect on other specific properties. [Pg.613]

The use of natural polymers to make plastic products started as early as 1760, when Enoch Noyes opened a business making combs out of keratin and albuminoid organic proteins derived from animal horns and horse hoofs. However, the first commercially successful plastic material, celluloid, would not come about for another hundred years. [Pg.962]


See other pages where Polymers Celluloid is mentioned: [Pg.118]    [Pg.103]    [Pg.50]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.103]    [Pg.50]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.254]    [Pg.308]    [Pg.308]    [Pg.411]    [Pg.915]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.26]    [Pg.130]    [Pg.510]    [Pg.152]    [Pg.73]    [Pg.120]    [Pg.26]    [Pg.78]    [Pg.237]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.269]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.1000]    [Pg.12]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.337 ]




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Celluloid

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