Preparation of plastics

Highly cross-linked polyol polytitanates can be prepared by reaction of a tetraaLkyl titanate with a polyol, such as pentaerythritol, followed by removal of the by-product alcohol (77). The isolated soHds are high activity catalysts suitable for use in the preparation of plasticizers by esterification and/or transesterification reactions. The insoluble nature of these complexes faciUtates their... 

After a brief historical review in Chapter 1 the following five chapters provide a short summary of the general methods of preparation of plastics materials and follow on by showing how properties are related to chemical structure. These particular chapters are largely qualitative in nature and are aimed not so much at the theoretical physical chemist but rather at the polymer technologist and the organic chemist who will require this knowledge in the practice of polymer and compound formulation. 

Uses As the largest volume organic chemical produced, it is used for the preparation of plastics (polyethylene, 50%), ethylene oxide (20%), and other plastic intermediates such as vinyl chloride and styrene. 

Vinyl chloride is used exclusively for the preparation of plastics, by homopolymerization to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and by copolymerization with other vinyl (-CH2=CH-) compounds. 

SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN A POLYETHYLENE MELT AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PLASTICS FOAMS BY A PHYSICAL METHOD... 

Preparation of Plastic Sulphur. Heat sulphur until it boils and pour it out in a thin stream into a crystallizer with cold water. Extract the solid substance from the water and dry it between sheets of filter paper. Test the ductility of the sulphur and its solubility in chloroform. Keep part of the sulphur for the next lesson and again study its physical properties. What molecules does plastic sulphur consist of ... 

Modem civilization consumes vast quantities of organic compounds. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are primary sources of carbon compounds for use in production of energy and as starting materials for the preparation of plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, agricultural chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, rubbers and other elastomers, paints and other surface coatings, medicines and drugs, perfumes and flavors, antioxidants and other preservatives, as well as asphalts, lubricants, and solvents that are derived from petroleum. 

K. Friese and F. Tannert, Radiation-induced grafting of chlorinated PVC for preparation of plastic foams. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 55 (1), 47-54 (1999). 

The authors thank Dorothy Carter Southerland, Department of Textiles Clothing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville for performing parts of the experiment and Dr. James F. Kinstle, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, for his helpful suggestions and discussions on the preparation of plastic films. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement of that product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of other suitable products. 

Preparation of Plasticized Polyurethane Compositions. The procedure given immediately above was repeated, except that 10.5 grams of butylcyclohexyl phthalate (BCPH) were added to the original mixture as a plasticizer, and 0.5 gram of di-p-phenylphenylenediamine and 0.05 gram of ferric acetonylacetonate were used as catalysts. The properties of the resulting cured polymer are given in Table I (sample 4). 

The method described above is particularly advantageous for the preparation of dry press mixes however, it is also used in the preparation of plastic mass where the granules have to be remoistened. The main advantages are the continuous process and the savings provided by elimination of the laborious filter-press operation w hich is also demanding in terms of required floor space. The recycling of waste heat for drying is also favourable in this case. 

Use Preparation of plasticizers and wetting agents antioxidant organic syntheses itaconic acid manufacture synthetic flavors. 

About one-half of the phthalic anhydride production is consumed for the preparation of plasticizers, mostly for the various flexible grades of poly(vinyl chloride). The remainder is roughly split between alkyd resin preparation used for many types of surface coatings, and for polyester resin composites with fiberglass reinforcement, the so-called fiberglass resins used in boats and other sporting equipment as well as for corrosion-resistant vessels and ducts used in chemical processing, some automotive parts, and as a convenient means of field repair of many of these items. 

Many simple alcohols are important raw materials in the industrial synthesis of polymers, fibers, explosives, plastics, and pharmaceutical products. Phenols are widely used in the preparation of plastics and dyes. Solutions of phenols are used as antiseptics and disinfectants. Some uses of polyhydric alcohols depend on their relatively high boiling points. For instance, glycerine is used as a wetting agent in cosmetic preparations. Ethylene glycol (bp 197°C), which is miscible with water, is used in commercial permanent antifreeze. 

As a blowing agent in the preparation of plastics blowing agents are substances that produce large volumes of gas that convert a molten product into a foamy product ... 

Dodd, R. H.B.P. Humphries. Preparation of Plastic Substances and the Like From Protein Containing Materials. British Patent 15,316 (1913). 

Hydrogenation of the C=0 bond in diketene to its chiral lactone, followed by its polymerization into a polyhydroxybutyrate-t5q)e biodegradable pol mier (Scheme 7.16.) is a prospective process for the preparation of plastics that are produced by ICI with a process involving fermentation of glucose It was found that over the complex [RhCl((S)-BINAP) (benzene)]Cl Nets in THF at 50 °C and 100 bar the product were produced with ee s of 90-92%... 

ASTM 3297-1993, Preparation of plastic test samples by machining, American Society for Testing Materials Publication. Philadelphia, 1993. 

Cellulose is nitrated by mixtures of nitric and sulfuric acids. The type of acid mixture used depends on the intended products. For the preparation of plastic grade materials, 25% nitric acid is combined with 55% sulfuric acid and 20% water. The dried cellulose is soaked for 20-60 minutes at 30-40 C. There is little change in appearance as the structure of the cellulose is maintained. The bulk of the acid is then removed, usually by spinning in a centrifuge, and the remaining acid washed out with copious amounts of water. The product is often bleached with sodium hypochlorite and washed. 

A process for the titanate catalyzed preparation of plasticizers from polycarboxyhc acids and alcohols, which minimizes waste water and is energy efficient, has been patented. The reaction product is treated with aqueous caustic and it is then filtered using an absorbent medium which removes titanium, caustic, acid salts and water. The need for water washing is obviated, and the final plasticizer product has excellent properties. This process can be used for production of phthalates, adipates, and trimellitates."... 

Surface Preparation of Plastics, in Adhesives and Sealants, Vol. 3, Engineered Materials Handbook, H. F. Binson, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 

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