Anselme Payen

The French physiologist Anselme Payen (1795-1871) isolates diastase from barley. Diastase catalyzes the conversion of starch into sugar, and is an example of the organic catalysts within living tissue that eventually come to be called enzymes. 

Since the discovery of cellulose by Anselme Payen in 1838, the start of large-scale cellulose ester, ether, and fiber production (which started more than 100 years ago), and the extensive scientific investigations of cellulose by Hermann Staudinger in 1920, cellulose research and product development have been redefined by the increasingly more significant impact of such work. 

Professor Jones s outstanding achievements in carbohydrate chemistry were recognized by his receipt of numerous awards and honors. In 1957, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and, in 1959, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada. The Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented him with the Claude S. Hudson Award in 1969. He was the 1975 recipient of the Anselme Payen Award from the Cellulose, Paper, and Textile Division. In March 1975, he was awarded the third Sir Norman Haworth Memorial Medal of The Chemical Society (London). 

Anselme Payen observed in 1838 that wood, when treated with concentrated nitric acid, lost a portion of its substance, leaving a solid and fibrous residue he named cellulose. As a result of much later studies it became evident that the fibrous material isolated by Payen contained also other polysaccharides besides cellulose. The dissolved material ("/a matiere incrustante"), on the other hand, had a higher carbon content than the fibrous residue and was termed "lignin" in 1865 by F. Schulze who derived the name from the latin word for wood (lignum). 

An important hypothesis formulated by Heuser was an extension of one suggested much earlier by Anselme Payen, but it was based on firmer experimental data. It stated that, irrespective of source, all celluloses, when freed from other components (or impurities), had one and the same constitution. The various chapters in Heuser s Lehrbmh rested on this assumption. 

Cellulose was first discovered in 1819 by the French naturalist Henri Braconnot (1781-1855). The compound was first isolated and analyzed fifteen years later by the French botanist Anselme Payen (1795-1871), who gave it its modern name of cellulose based on its origin ( cell ) plus the suffix -ose. The earliest chemical studies of cellulose were conducted by a team of English chemists, Charles Frederick Cross (1855-1935), Edward John Bevan (1856-1921), and Clayton Beadle (1868-1917), who identified the compound we now know as cellulose and reported on its structure and properties in the 1890s and early 1900s. 

Cellulose is first isolated and analyzed by French botanist Anselme Payen. 

Since the occurrence of cellulose as a distinct substance was first recognized by Anselme Payen in 1842 the evolution of ideas concerning its structure has been closely related to advances in structural chemistry and its methodologies. The pattern of close relation continues into the present time and is well reflected in the following chapters which include contributions from most of the major laboratories active in the field. In this chapter, we discuss the structural problem in general and place those of the following chapters which are concerned with the problem in perspective relative to recent developments in the field, with particular emphasis on the past decade. 

Cellulose is the most common organic compound on earth having the chemical formula (C6Hio05)n. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over 10,000 jS(l 4) linked D-glucose units [1, 2]. Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French Chemist Anselme Payen. It was used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870. Professor Hermann Staudinger who determined the structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was first chemically synthesized in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda [3]. 

Cellulose was defined as a chemical substance related to polysaccharides in 1838 thanks to the works of French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula (Payen, 1838). Cellulose is the most abundant organic matter on Earth. Total resources of cellulose in nature reach one trillion tons (Klemm et al., 2005). Moreover, being renewable in nature, a mass of this biopolymer increases by approximately 100 billion tons annually as a result of photobiosynthesis (Field et al., 1998). Cellulose is present in all plants and algae cellulose of the tunicin type forms the shells of certain marine creatures, and it is also synthesized by some microorganisms, for example, Gluconacetobacter xylinus. 

The chemical formula of cellulose, isolated from plant cell walls, is determined by Anselme Payen, a French chemist... 

French chemist Anselme Payen (1795-1871) discovers diastase (the first enzyme to be discovered). 

Anselme Payen (Paris 17 January 1795-13 March 1871), at first director of a beet-sugar factory, was also professor of industrial chemistry in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He introduced the name cellulose (1839), published on starch (measuring the sizes of the granules of different kinds), dextrin, diastase, and many other subjects. His lectures were published. ... 

ANSELM PAYEN PIONEER IN NATURAL POLYMERS AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY... 

Although Frenchman Anselm Payen investigated several natural polymers and polymer-rich materials (3, 11, 14, 23, 40, 41, 43, 44), he may be remembered most for his pioneering research on cellulose, the most abundant polymer and organic material in the world. Cellulose, manufactured by nature at the incredible rate of perhaps 200 billion tons per year worldwide, is the principal component of materials (cotton, linen, jute, wood, etc.) that have been known and used since earliest times (21, 45). 

It was as late as the 19th century that the brilHant researches of Anselm Payen played a major role in bringing about a better understanding of these polysaccharides. 

Anselm Payen, born in Paris, France, on January 6, 1795 (deceased in the same city. May 12, 1817), was the son of Jean Baptiste Pierre Payen and Marie Francois Jeanson de Courtenay. His father was educated at the College de Navarre in Paris, where he distinguished himself, particularly in philosophy and the sciences. He studies law also and was, for a time, assistant to the procurator of the King for the city of Paris (41, 44). 

Anselm Payen studied first under the direction of his distinguished father and then at Ecole Pol3d echnique in Paris, where he studied chemistry under Vauqueln (1762-... 

Nearly 100 years later, Payen received further recognition. In 1962, the American Chemical Society s Cellulose, Paper Textile Division established the Anselm Payen Award to honor and encourage outstanding professional contributions to the science and chemical... 

Farrar, W.V., Anselm Payen, p. 435, in "Dictionary of Scientific Biography," C.C. Gillispie, editor, Charles Scribner s Sons, NY, 1974. 

Phillips, Max, Anselm Payen, pp. 497-504, in "Great Chemists," Edward Forbes, Editor, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1961. 

The existence of cellulose as the common material of plant cell walls was first known by Anselm Payen in 1838. It occurs in almost pure form in wood rather than in cotton, where cellulose content was in combination with other materials, such as lignin and hemicelluloses. On the other hand, cellulose is also produced by some bacteria but free in lignin and hemicelluloses content. Cellulose has no taste, odourless, hydrophilic, insoluble in water and most organic solvents, chiral, and biodegradable. It can be broken down chemically into its glucose units by treating it with concentrated acids at high temperature (Charles, 2007). 

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