Horse-hoof

Almost a century and a half after Darwin proposed his theory, evolutionary biology has had much success in accounting for patterns of life we see around us. To many, its triumph seems complete. But the real work of life does not happen at the level of the whole animal or organ the most important parts of living things are too small to be seen. Life is lived in the details, and it is molecules that handle life s details. Darwin s idea might explain horse hoofs, but can it explain life s foundation ... 

Tussilago farfara (L ), coughwort, feuilles de tussilage, horse-hoof, huflattichblatter, kuandong hua (Anonymous, 1996), Petasites japonicus Maxim ("fuki-no-toh") (Hirono et al., 1973)... 

The use of natural polymers to make plastic products started as early as 1760, when Enoch Noyes opened a business making combs out of keratin and albuminoid organic proteins derived from animal horns and horse hoofs. However, the first commercially successful plastic material, celluloid, would not come about for another hundred years. 

We may well ask how materials as rigid as horses hoofs, as springy as hair, as soft as silk, as slippery and shapeless as egg white, as inert as cartilage, and as reactive as enzymes, can all be made of the same building blocks amino acids and proteins. The key lies mainly in the amino acid makeup itself. So far we have focused on the protein backbone and its shape. But what about the diverse R groups of the various amino acids How do they affect protein structure ... 

When you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras, unless, you are in Africa. ... 

In livestock, selenium has been found to be the cause of blind staggers and alkali disease. Blind staggers occurs as a result of acute ingestion of seleniferous plants and is characterized by impaired vision, depressed appetite, a tendency to wander in circles, paralysis, and death from respiratory failure. A more chronic syndrome described in horses and livestock is alkali disease, which also is associated with consumption of grains or plants containing selenium. The disease is characterized by lack of vitality, loss of appetite, emaciation, deformed hoofs, loss of hair, erosion of the joints of long bones, anemia, cirrhosis, and cardiac atrophy ... 

Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy horses and horses with acute synovitis. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18 187-195 Owens J G, Kamerling S G, Stanton S R et al 1995b Effects of ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on chronic hoof pain and lameness in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 27 296-300... 

Selenium is an essential element but is toxic when excessive quantities are ingested. Exposure of horses is usually through consumption of seleniferous (accumulator or indicator) plants (e.g.. Astragalus spp.). Exposure to high quantities of selenium over a short time causes diarrhea (which is often foul smelling and contains air bubbles), neurological and cardiovascular effects, and respiratory difficulty. Death in these horses is due to respiratory failure. Chronic exposure to low levels of excessive selenium is characterized by hoof abnormalities at the coronary bands and by discoloration and loss of hair. The hoof deformities are painful and cause lameness. 

Incorrect Rex the Wonder Horse was obviously very smart because he taps out the telephone numbers of the stars with his hoof. 

Neat a/oot oil—is obtained by the action of boiling H,0 upon the feet of neat cattle, horses, and sheep, deprived of the flesh and hoofs. It is str.vw-yellow or reddish-yellow, odorless, not diaagreeable in taste, not prone to rancidity, does not solidilV at quite low temperatures ap. gr. at 15 (59 F.) — 0. 6. It ia bleach not coloi by chlorine. 

Goliath was armed with a coat of mail (1 Samuel xvii). It is frequently spoken of by Homer. Demetrius, son of Antigonus, had a coat of mail made of Cyprian adamant (perhaps steel). Cyprus was famous for its armor. The ancient S< mans had armor composed of horse s hoofs curiously strung and jointed together. Hengist the Saxon had scale... 

Horses, also, about tbe works develop ulcerations if tbe salt get into wounds or cracks in tbe legs and tbe animals may lose tbeir hoofs. Cases of poisoning by chromates are rare. They have been recorded by J. Maschka, E. 0. MacNiven, W. A. McLach-lan, J. J. Bloomfield and W. Blum, A. M Crorie, G. Wilson, J. T. Gadsby, A. D. Walker, G. Leopold, 0. von Linstow, and R. C. Smith. The symptoms are severe gastro-intestinal inflammation, accompanied by depression, stupor, and death. The subject was discussed by A. Hebert, H. Becker, L. Lewin, etc. The objectionable uses of chromates for preserving milk, etc., was discussed by... 

Horses exposed to black walnut sawdust or shavings develop laminitis, a hemodynamic dysfunction of the laminar vasculature of the hoof (Peroni et al. 2005). 

Perissodactyla An order of mammals having hoofed feet with an odd number of toes. They are all herbivores and include the tapirs, rhinoceros, and horse. The teeth are large and specialized for grinding. Cellulose digestion occurs in the caecum and large intestine. Fossils of the Eocene epoch, 60 million years ago, show that these animals were... 

Although ruminants and horses do not have a requirement for dietary biotin, microbial production in the gut normally being adequate, feeding biotin has improved hoof structure and strength. 

Frog. A depression in the bedding face of some pressed building bricks to decrease the weight and improve the keying-in of the mortar. The term is probably derived from the same word as applied to the similar depression in the centre of a horse s hoof. BS 3921 specifies that the volume of the frog(s) shall not exceed 20% of the volume of the brick. 

Chronic (alkali Horses, dktfiirS days or more 5-10ppmin rior paresis and paralysis followed by qua-driplegia and permanert paralysis Otfter Alopecia, swelling and sq>arafion of the coronary band, impaired hoof growth Rough hair coaL loss d hair from tail arx)... 

IOl Chronic poisoning produces abnormal hoof growth, loss of hair from mane and tail, and chronic weight loss in horses. 

In horses and cattle, selenium has a strong predilection for epithelial and dermal tissues (e.g., hooves, skin, and hair). Both selenium and arsanilic acid can cause ataxia and paralysis, but arsanilic acid can be differentiated from selenium because it produces blindness but does not cause hoof or hair lesions. 

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