Polyester flame treatment

Bonding. Surface treatment, such as chemical etch, corona, or flame treatments, is required for adhesive bonding of Tefzel. Polyester and epoxy compounds are suitable adhesives. 

Flame treatment. Polyester and polyethylene films are commonly exposed to flame treatment to increase bondability. Here, an oxidizing flame briefly ( 0.01-0.1 s) impinges on the surface (69,70). XPS analysis (71) has shown that amide surface groups are generated, as well as typical oxidation fiinctionahty. Flame-treated films maintain bondabihty better than those that have been given corona treatment. Moreover, for all types of treatment, it is best to bond surfaces as soon as possible after treatment. 

ETFE is sold under the trade name of Tefzel by DuPont. It is a partially fluori-nated copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene with a maximum service temperature of 300 F/149°C. Tefzel can be melt bonded to untreated aluminum, steel, and copper. It can also be melt bonded to itself. In order to adhesive bond Tefzel with polyester or epoxy compounds, the surface must be chemically etched or subjected to corona or flame treatments. 

THPOH—Ammonia—Tris Finish. By far the most effective finish for polyester—cotton textiles was a system based on the THPOH—NH treatment of the cotton component either foUowed or preceded by the appUcation of Tris finish to the polyester component. This combined treatment appeared to be effective on almost any polyester—cotton blend. A large amount of fabric treated in this way was sold throughout the United States and much of the rest of the world. Shortly after the introduction of Tris finishing, Tris was found to be a carcinogen. Most of the Tris treated production was in children s sleepwear, and this created a situation in which almost aU chemical fire-retardant-treated textiles were unfairly condemned as dangerous. Manufacturers mshed to replace chemically treated textiles with products produced from inherently flame-resistant fibers. Nowhere was the impact more severe than in the children s sleepwear market. New, safer materials have been introduced to replace Tris. Thus far none has been as completely effective. 

Flame-Retardant Applications. The flame resistance of polyolefins, unsaturated polyester, mbber, and many other synthetic materials can be improved by the iaclusion of chloriaated paraffias. The soHd 70% chlorine product is the preferred choice ia most polymeric systems, but the Hquid grades are widely used ia mbbers, polyurethane, and textile treatments. 

Flame relardanls are used in smolder-resistant upholstery fabric, combination flame retardant-durable press performance, flame-retardant treatments for wool, thermoplastic fibers (Tris. decabromodiphenyl oxide-polyacrylate finishes. Antihlu/e 19. nylon finishes), polyester-cotton fiber blends (THPOH-ummonju-Tris finish, decabromodiphenyl oxide-polyacrylate finish. THPC-amide-polytv illy I bromide) finish, THPOH-NHi and Fyrol 76. LRC-UX) finish, phusphonium salt-urea precondcn-satej. cotton-wool blends, and core-yam fabric,... 

There is interest in trace metal levels in both natural and synthetic fibres and fabrics but perhaps most interest is in synthetic fibres as these may contain residues of catalysts, treatments or stabilising agents. Reviews have been published of trace-metal analysis of rayon, polyamide, polyester and polypropylene fibres [178] and of cotton fabrics, especially for flame... 

Another approach to flame-resistant cotton containing fabrics involves the use of core spun yarns [368 372]. There are two components in these specialized yarns. One component is a central core usually made from a human-made polyester or nylon, or a nonflammable core like fiberglass. The other component is a cotton cover that is wound around the central core to form the core yarn. The core yarn is woven or knitted into an appropriate textile, then treated with a finish to make the flame-resistant cotton cover. When the core yarns are spun to restrict their synthetic content to 40% or less, the FR treatment of the cotton component... 

Polyester fabrics when burned exhibit a melt-drip behaviour. Since the fabric melts away from the flame, some polyester fabric constructions can actually pass vertical flame tests without any flame-retardant treatment. The waiving of melt-drip specifications for children s sleepwear has allowed untreated polyester garments to be sold into that market. 

Great Lakes CD-75P . [Great Lakes] Hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant for diennoplastic and thermoset polymers, textile treatments, latex binders, adhesives, unsat polyesters, and coatings. 

Tign for PMMA and unsaturated polyester is 310 and 390 °C, respectively. From these results it follows that PMMA and similar products are more easy to ignite and to burn than unsaturated polyesters, under a given external heat flux qe. It is interesting to note that q0 ign values, obtained from flame spread experiments in this manner, are consistent with the q0 ign values determined from direct ignitability tests. This is an evidence of the validity of the treatment of flame spread on a surface as a continuous gas-phase ignition of polymer decomposition products. 

Bis(tetrabromophthalimide)ethane BT 93 BT-93D BT 93W CCRIS 6188 Qtex BT 93 EINECS 251-118-6 2,2 -(1,2-Ethanediyl)bis(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione) N,N -Ethylenebis(3,4,5,6-le1rabromo-phthalimide) 1H-lsoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2, -(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-] Phthalimide, N.N -elhylenebis(telrabromo- Saytex BT 93 Saytex BT 93W. Flame retardant for high-impact PS, polyethylene, PP, thermoplastic polyesters, nylon, EPDM, rubbers, PC, ethylene copolymers, ionomer resins, textile treatment Solid mp = 446" SG = 2.67 ... 

It is in rtant to keep in mind that considerable amounts of these compounds (about 20% of the fiber wei ) are required in order to develop an appreciable flame resistance and that a final thermal treatment u necessary to make the coating sufficiently wa i of. The use of these compounds results in tenadty loss of 25%-30%. Another difficulty arises when treating blends of standard PET fibers and cellulosics with finishing baths containing such compounds, which general hai% a h%her affinity for cellulosics than for polyesters. This trouble may be partially, overcome by uang finishing baths of a suitable composition... 

Chem. Descrip. Antimony trioxide CAS 1309-64-4 EINECS/ELINCS 215-175-0 Uses Flame retardant synergist in ABS, HIPS, PBT, unsat. polyesters, epoxies, PU, phenolics, coatings, textile treatments Properties Wh. powd. 0.2-0.4 pm avg. particle size 0.05% max. retained 325 mesh sp.gr. 5.3 bulk dens. = 35 Ib/fP surf, area 10-15 mVg m.p. 656 C 99.3% act. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 5000 mg/kg, (dermal, rabbit) > 2000 mg/kg Uses Flame retardant for PBT, FIIPS, ABS, PE, PP, thermoplastic polyester, EPDM and other elastomers, ethylene copolymers, PC, ionomer resins, epoxies, polyimides, textile treatments Manuf./Distrib. Albemarle Trade Names Saytex BT-93 Saytex BT-93W... 

Fabrics should be tested after a defined wash or durability test which, in the case of Part 7, for fabrics treated with a flame retardant, is a single specified wash cycle. Only so-called durable flame retardant finishes as described in Chapter 8 will pass such a wash cycle since semi-durable treatments are usually only resistant to dry cleaning or simple water soak tests specified in BS 5651 1989, for example. Fabrics containing inherently flame retardant fibres such as Hi-modified polyester (e.g. Trevira CS ), polyacrylics (e.g. modacryUcs such as Kanekaron ), and polypropylene do not require a prewash treatment prior to testing. 

Silane coupling agents are widely used in thermoset systems, especially unsaturated polyesters, acrylics and epoxies. The silanes most commonly used are vinyl, methacryl, epoxy and amino. Among the fillers commonly treated are various silicas and silicates and aluminium hydroxide. The latter is particularly widely used for its flame retardancy. The in situ treatment method is frequently used with thermosets. 

The behaviour of materials in the application environment where photochemical degradation is sensitized by dyes is also important. This is reflected in thermoanalytical studies of flame-retardant polyester-cotton blends where the THPC-Urea-PVBR and THPON-ammonia treatments have been compared. 

---