Polychlorinated biphenyls applications

Kuehl, D.W., B.C. Butterworth, J. Libal, and P. Marquis. 1991. An isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatographic-high resolution mass spectrometric method for the determination of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls application to fish and marine mammals. Chemosphere 22 849-858. 

Hernandez HF, Lopez BFJ, Medina EJ, etal. 1987. Sulfuric acid cleanup and potassium hydroxideethanol treatment for confirmation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls Application to wastewater samples. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70 727-733. 

Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and application of) (Vol. 53 1991) Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7 1987)... 

PCBs and PCTs are particularly troublesome liquids because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment. They are defined as polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, monomethyl-dibromo-diphenyl metliane, monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl metliane or monomethyl-tetrachlorodiphenyl methane. With low electrical conductivity and heat resistance they found wide use as dielectric fluids and were formerly used as hydraulic fluids. PCBs have not been made in the UK since 1977 and whilst most new uses for the substance are banned in most countries, around two-thirds of the 1.5 million tonnes manufactured in Europe and the US prior to 1985 still remain in equipment such as transformers. PCTs have been used in the past in a restricted range of specialist industrial applications. 

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

Drenzer NJ, T1 Eglinton, CO Wirsen, HD May, Q Wu, KR Sowers, CM Reddy (2001) The absence and application of stable carbon isotope fractionation during the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol 35 3310-3313. 

An important application of carbon-skeleton gas chromatography is the simplification of the analysis of complex samples such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls and polychloroalkanes [709-711], These complex mixtures of halogenated isomers produce multiple peaks when separated by gas chromatography, making quantitation difficult. The isomers have identical carbon skeletons, resulting in a very simple chromatogram after hydrodechlorination. 

Bordajandi, L.R., Korytar, P., De Boer, J., Gonzalez, M.J. (2005). Enantiomeric separation of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls on P-cyclodextrin capillary columns by means of heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applications to food samples. J. Sep. Sci. 28, 163-171. 

Burkhard, L.P. (1984) Physical-Chemical Properties of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls Measurement, Estimation, and Application to Environmental Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. 

Woodburn, K.B. (1982) Measurement and Application of the Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient for Selected Polychlorinated Biphenyls. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 

Picer and Picer [357] evaluated the application ofXAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax macroreticular resins for concentrations of chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater prior to analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The solvents that were used eluted not only the chlorinated hydrocarbons of interest but also other electron capture sensitive materials, so that eluates had to be purified. The eluates from the Tenax column were combined and the non-polar phase was separated from the polar phase in a glass separating funnel. Then the polar phase was extracted twice with n-pentane. The -pentane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated to 1 ml and cleaned on an alumina column using a modification of the method described by Holden and Marsden. The eluates were placed on a silica gel column for the separation of PCBs from DDT, its metabolites, and dieldrin using a procedure described by Snyder and Reinert [359] and Picer and Abel [360]. 

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used commercially since 1929 as dielectric and heat exchange fluids and in a variety of other applications. The presence of PCBs in human and wildlife tissues was first recognized in 1966. Investigations in many parts of the world have since revealed widespread distribution of PCBs in the environment, including remote areas with no PCB production or use. There is evidence that the major source of PCB exposure in the general environment is the redistribution of PCBs previously introduced into the environment. It is believed that large bodies of water, such as the Baltic Sea and the Canadian Great Lakes, may... 

POPS currently regulated under the Convention include pesticides such as aldrin, chlorodane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene chemicals with industrial applications such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)2 and chemical byproducts such as dioxins and furans and hexachlorodbenzene, which fits in all three categories.3... 

The applicability of using these interdisciplinary approaches, which include incorporation of various physical and chemical properties of the pollutants, QSARs/QSPRs and multicomponent joint action modeling are discussed and evaluated using a group of toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, i. e., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of compounds, manufactured in the United States from 1930-1975, which were used in a number of discard applications and extensively as an electrical insulating fluid (see Chap. 1). Environmental concerns have led to strict controls on the use of PCBs and standards for cleanup of PCB discharges. One of the purposes of this section is to present information on the chemical and physical characteristics of these compounds. Based on this, the mechanisms of their movement in the surface/subsurface environment can be explained. 

Zajicek, J.L. Tillitt, D.E. Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Potts, M.E. Nardone, D.A. 1996, Application of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from Hydrophobic Solutions Extracts of Fish and Dialysates of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs). In Environmental Immunochemical Methods, ACS Symposium Series 646 American Chemical Society Washington, D.C. Chapter 26, pp 307-325. 

Application of Soft Independent Method of Class Analogy (SIMCA) in Isomer Specific Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls... 

A principal components multivariate statistical approach (SIMCA) was evaluated and applied to interpretation of isomer specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both a microcomputer and a main frame computer. Capillary column gas chromatography was employed for separation and detection of 69 individual PCB isomers. Computer programs were written in AMSII MUMPS to provide a laboratory data base for data manipulation. This data base greatly assisted the analysts in calculating isomer concentrations and data management. Applications of SIMCA for quality control, classification, and estimation of the composition of multi-Aroclor mixtures are described for characterization and study of complex environmental residues. 

In 1990, the applicability of cyclodextrin-modified MEKC (CD-MEKC) was successfully explored for the first time by adding a neutral CD to the micellar solution for the separation of highly hydrophobic and closely related compounds such as chlorinated benzene congeners, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)... 

XZ/N VI RON MENTAL APPLICATIONS OF CHEMOMETRics are of interest because of the concern about the effects of chemicals on humans. The symposium upon which this book is based served as an important milestone in a process we, the editors, initiated in 1982. As members of the Environmental Protection Agency s Office of Toxic Substances (OTS), we have responsibilities for the acquisition and analysis of human and environmental exposure data in support of the Toxic Substances Control Act. OTS exposure studies invariably are complex and range from evaluating human body burden data (polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue, for example) to documenting airborne asbestos levels in schools. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are colorless toxic organic substances that cause cancer and birth defects. There are more than 200 different types of PCBs, ranging in consistency from heavy, oily liquids to waxy solids, and each type further varying in the number and location of chlorine atoms attached to its molecular carbon rings. They are fire resistant and do not conduct heat or electricity well. Accordingly they have numerous commercial applications as insulation in electrical systems, for example, for transformers. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), known by their trade marks of Arochlor (Monsanto U.S.), Phenochlor (in France), and Clophen (in Germany) are chemically similar to the chlorinated insecticides. Although not used for this purpose, their existence and persistence in the environment is well established. They were used to make more flexible and flame retardant plastics and are still used as insulating fluids in electrical transformers since there is no substitute in this application. They have been made by Monsanto since 1930 and were first discovered as a pollutant in 1966. U.S. production peaked at 72 million lb in 1970 but in 1975 it was down to 40 million Ib/yr because in 1971 Monsanto voluntarily adopted the policy of selling PCBs only for electrical systems. At least 105 PCBs are present in the environment. 

The process has limited application for soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls or any other dioxin precursor. Semivolatile compounds with boiling points greater than 800°F cannot be effectively removed from the soil in a one-pass treatment. The soil characteristic that most affects treatment is moisture content. All information in this summary is based on information provided by the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

The ARS Technologies, Inc., Ferox process is an in situ remediation technology for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons, leachable heavy metals, and other contaminants. The process involves the subsurface injection and dispersion of reactive zero-valence iron powder into the saturated or unsaturated zones of a contaminated area. ARS Technologies claims that Ferox is applicable for treating the following chemicals trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, lindane, aromatic azo compounds, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, tetrachloroethene (PCE), nitro aromatic compounds, 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride, 4-chlorophenol, hexachloroethane, tribromomethane, ethylene dibromide (EDB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon-113, unexploded ordinances (UXO), and soluble metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium). 

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