Poly polyaniline composites

The use of polymeric blend composites for corrosion protection of AA 2024-T3 has been reported, including composites formed by incorporating water-soluble conducting polymers (either polymethox-yaniline sulfonic acid or poly(4-(3-pyrrole) )butane sulfonate) into various binders (a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, a waterborne epoxy, a modified water-dispersible polyester, and a UV-curable urethane acrylate binder) [149]. The preparation of epoxy and polyaniline composite coatings has been described, using either nanodispersed EB particles [91] or EB that was first dissolved in selected amine hardeners before adding the epoxy resin [98]. Even with very low EB loadings, these workers reported enhanced corrosion protection for steel. 

Kitani et al. have prepared polyaniline composites using poly(aniline-2-sulfonic acid) [142] and poly(2,5-disulfonic acid) [143] instead of conventional electroinactive sulfonated polymers like polystyrene sulfonic acid. These composites were prepared by electrochemical dopant exchange. Electrochemically prepared polyaniline films were dedoped by treating 1M NaOH solution. Furthermore, these dedoped films were... 

R.K. Nagarale, G.S. Gohil, V.K. Shahi, Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/polyaniline composite proton-exchange membrane, J. Membrane Sci., 280 (2006) 389-396... 

Emulsion pol5nnerization in heterogeneous systems (166) has been used to prepare processable conductive composites of polyaniline-poly(alkyl methacrylate). Polyaniline composites have also been prepared via dispersion polymerization (167-169). In snch studies colloidal dispersions of electrically conductive polyaniline particles have been prepared using vinyl methyl ether (168) or methyl cellulose (170) stabilizers. 

Other workers have prepared poly(Af-methyl-pyrrole)/poly(biphenol-A-carbonate) (PC) using this approach. The electrodes were dip-coated with the PC and then electropolymerization was induced. Thermogravimetic analysis verified that a graft copolymer was produced. A similar procedure has been used to prepare polyaniline composites with the same host polymer. The in situ electrochemical polymerization process has also been used to prepare polyacrylonitrile/PPy composite films. i... 

Huang, C.-Y, Wu, C.-C. The EMI shielding effectiveness of PC/ABS/nickel-coated-carbon-fibre composites , Europ. Polym. J. 36(12) (2000), 2729—2737 Hirase, R., Hasegawa, M., Shirai, M. Conductive fibers based on poly(ethylene terephthalate)-polyaniline composites manufactured by electrochemical polymerization , J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87(7) (2003), 1073—1078 Pbtschke, R, Briinig, H., Janke, A., Fischer, D., Jehnichen, D., Orientation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in composites with polycarbonate by melt spinning , Polymer 46(23) (2005), 10355-10363... 

In situ oxidative polymerization has also been used to prepare/PE/poly-aniline composites. In one approach, microporous PE films were immersed in a solution of aniline hydrochloride and polymerization was started by the introduction of ammonium peroxydisulfate [23]. Similarly, Wan and Yang (1993) obtained PE/polyaniline composites using iron (III) chloride as the oxidant [24]. Solution blending is largely utilized to prepare blends and composites where one or more of the components do not melt easily or are heat susceptible. ICPs Hke polyanifine are difficult to process due to their aromatic structure, interchain hydrogen bonds and effective charge delocahzation in their structures. 

PP-g-MA) silicate nanocomposites and intercalated thermoset silicate nanocomposites for flame-retardant applications were characterised by XRD and TEM [333], XRD, TEM and FTIR were also used in the study of ID CdS nanoparticle-poly(vinyl acetate) nanorod composites prepared by hydrothermal polymerisation and simultaneous sulfidation [334], The CdS nanoparticles were well dispersed in the polymer nanorods. The intercalation of polyaniline (PANI)-DDBSA (dodecylbenzene-sulfonate) into the galleries of organo-montmorillonite (MMT) was confirmed by XRD, and significantly large 4-spacing expansions (13.3-29.6A) were observed for the nanocomposites [335],... 

ZnO displays similar redox and alloying chemistry to the tin oxides on Li insertion [353]. Therefore, it may be an interesting network modifier for tin oxides. Also, ZnSnOs was proposed as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries [354]. It was prepared as the amorphous product by pyrolysis of ZnSn(OH)6. The reversible capacity of the ZnSn03 electrode was found to be more than 0.8 Ah/g. Zhao and Cao [356] studied antimony-zinc alloy as a potential material for such batteries. Also, zinc-graphite composite was investigated [357] as a candidate for an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Zinc parhcles were deposited mainly onto graphite surfaces. Also, zinc-polyaniline batteries were developed [358]. The authors examined the parameters that affect the life cycle of such batteries. They found that Zn passivahon is the main factor of the life cycle of zinc-polyaniline batteries. In recent times [359], zinc-poly(anihne-co-o-aminophenol) rechargeable battery was also studied. Other types of batteries based on zinc were of some interest [360]. 

Polypyrrole/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) conducting composites with improved mechanical properties were prepared by a similar method [167], In addition, polyaniline/polystyrene [168] and polyaniline/poly(alkyl methacrylate) [169] composites have been synthesised. A solution of persulphate in aqueous HC1 was added to an o/w HIPE of polymer and aniline in an organic solvent, dispersed in aqueous SDS solution, causing aniline polymerisation. Films were processed by hot- or cold-pressing. 

This section discusses the reactivities and biosensor applications of functionalized electrosynthetic polyanilines prepared by (i) electropolymerization and (ii) chemical polymerization of aniline on the surfaces of Au, glassy carbon or Pt disk electrodes. Four such polyaniline or substituted composite polyaniline films developed by our research group are (a) nanofibrillar polyaniline-polyvinyl sulfonate (PANI-PVS), (b) poly(2,5-... 

Electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), pol3T5yrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxjdhiophene) (PEDOT) have been applied in supercapacitors, due to their excellent electrochemical properties and lower cost than other ECPs. We demonstrated that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared by cataljdic decomposition of acetylene in a solid solution are very effective conductivity additives in composite materials based on ECPs. In this paper, we show that a successful application of ECPs in supercapacitor technologies could be possible only in an asymmetric configuration, i.e. with electrodes of different nature. 

In addition to the above-mentioned conventional polymers, several interesting developments have taken place in the preparation of nanocomposites of MMT with some specialty polymers including the N-heterocyclic polymers like poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PNVC) [32, 33], polypyrrole (PPY) [34, 35], and polyaromatics such as polyaniline (PANI) [36-38]. PNVC is well known for its high thermal stability [39] and characteristic optoelectronic properties [40-43]. PPY and PANI are known to display electric conductivity [44-46]. Naturally, composites based on these polymers should be expected to lead to novel materials [47,48]. 

Another species of polyanilines, the poly-(m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) (PABS) forms nanotube composites as weU. Up to SmgmT of these dissolve in water due to the existing sulfonic acid groups. The first internal doping in a nanotube composite ever has been observed for these materials. It has been detected by the signal position in the IR-spectrum that is indicative of an electronic hybrid structure with states situated between those of the composites in their ground state. 

Z. Zhang and M. Wan, Composite films of nanostructured polyaniline with poly(vinyl alcohol), Synth. Met., 128, 83-89 (2002). 

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