Poly polypyrrole

Polypyrrole, poly thiophene, polyfuran, polycarbazole, polystyrene with tetrathi-afulvalene substituents, polyethylene with carbazole substituents, and poly-oxyphenazine as electrochemically active polymers for rechargeable batteries 97CRV207. 

J. Li, L.T. Xiao, G.M. Zeng, G.H. Huang, G.L. Shen, and R.Q. Yu, Amperometric immunosensor based on polypyrrole/poly(m-phenylenediamine) multilayer on glassy carbon electrode for cytokinin N6-(D2-isopentenyl) adenosine assay. Anal. Biochem. 321, 89—95 (2003). 

Solitons are considered to be important defect states in these conjugated polymers (see Fig. 6.48). It has however been shown that correlation energy is the more important factor in giving rise to the energy gap in (CH) (Soos Ramasesha, 1983). Other polymers related to polyacetylene are polythiophene, polypyrrole, poly-phenylenesulphide, and polyparaphenylene (Section 3.3). Extensive measurements on doped polyacetylenes have been reported in the last five years and these materials, unlike other conducting polymers such as (SN), seem to have good technological potential. 

Polypyrrole/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) conducting composites with improved mechanical properties were prepared by a similar method [167], In addition, polyaniline/polystyrene [168] and polyaniline/poly(alkyl methacrylate) [169] composites have been synthesised. A solution of persulphate in aqueous HC1 was added to an o/w HIPE of polymer and aniline in an organic solvent, dispersed in aqueous SDS solution, causing aniline polymerisation. Films were processed by hot- or cold-pressing. 

Electrochemical doping of insulating polymers has been attempted for polyacetylene, polypyrrole, poly-A/-vinyl carbazole and phthalocyaninato-poly-siloxane. Significantly, Shirota et al. [91] claim to have achieved the first synthesis of electrically conducting poly(vinyl ferrocene) by the method of electrochemical deposition (ECD) [91]. This is based on the insolubilization of doped polymers from a solution of neutral polymers. A typical procedure applied [91] for polyvinyl ferrocene is to dissolve the polymer in dichlorometh-ane and oxidize it anodically with Ag/Ag+ reference electrode under selective conditions. The modified polymer [91] (Fig. 28) is a partially oxidized mixed valence salt containing ferrocene and ferrocenium ion pendant groups with C104 as the counter anion. 

A similar process has been used to make polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) composites by electropolymerization from aqueous solution into a cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) film301 . The conductivity decreased and the elongation to break increased 10x with respect to polypyrrole. A conducting composite of 6% polypyrrole in a vinyl-idenefluoride-trifluorethylene copolymer showed an extension to break of 120% 302). 

Ren X, Pickup PG (1993) Impedance of polypyrrole perchlorate/polypyrrole poly(styrenesulfonate) bilayers. J Phys Chem 97 3941-3... 

Figure 9 shows the discharge curves of a Type I polypyrrole-based, a Type II polypyrrole/poly(3-methylthiophene)-based and a Type III poly(dithieno[3,4-6 3, 4 -d]thiophene-based supercapacitor at 4 mA cm discharge current. Types I and II can be assembled using such conventional heterocyclic polymers as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, which are efficiently p-dopable polymers and can easily be chemically or electrochemically synthesized from inexpensive... 

L. Jiang, H.-K. Jun, Y.-S. Hoh, J.-O. Lrm, Sensing characteristics of polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) methanol sensors prepared by in situ vapor state polymerization. Sens. Actuators, B, Chem 105, 132-137(2005). 

Conducting electroactive polymers (CEPs) such as polypyrrole, poly thiophene, polyaniline, and sulfonated polyaniline (1-4 shown subsequently) are complex, dynamic structures that captivate the imagination of those of us involved in intelligent material research.1 2 3 4 5... 

Comparison of cos 0, 0, and A0 Values for Polypyrrole, Poly(3-carboxy-4-methylpyrrole) (PCMP), and Poly(3-carbethoxy-4-methylpyrrole) (PCEMP) on Glassy Carbon... 

Polymeric tubes for clad lead-acid battery plates have been made from intrinsically conductive polymers [19] by weaving fibres of polypyrrole, poly(phenylene vinylene), or polythiophene of several hundred microns in thickness. Polyaniline [20] as well as polypyrrole, polyparaphenylene, and polyacetylene doped with anions (C104, FeCl, AsFj, sol", and HSO4) have also been added as 1.15pm powders or fibres to positive pastes to improve capacity [21]. 

The RRDE can also be used to study electrochemical processes at electrodes modified with thin polymer films (Chapter 14). In this application, the polymer film is prepared on the disk, and the ring monitors the flux of ions from the film during a potential sweep. For example, the flux of the cation, 1,3-dimethylpyridinium, from a film of polypyrrole/poly(styrenesulfonate) was monitored at the ring electrode, as the disk was cycled in an acetonitrile solution over the potential region where reduction and oxidation of the film occurred (27). 

Oxidative (p-type) doping of conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), polypyrrole, poly-... 

Figure 10.2 Oxidation of molecular hydrogen dissolved in 0.1 M HCIO4 at a stationary gold electrode modified by 0.1 mg cm of platinum dispersed in different electron conducting polymers sweep rate = 5 mV s T = 25°C (—) polyaniline (---) polypyrrole (—) poly(3-methylthiophcnc) (...) pyrrole-dithiopene copolymer, (Reprinted with permission from ref 133)...

M. Pyo and C.H. Kwak, In situ scanning tunneling nuicroscopy study on volume change of polypyrrole/poly (styrene sulfonate). Synth. Met., 150, 133 (2005). 

Dong and Jones Jr. reported on the preparation of submicron electrically conductive polypyrrole/poly(methyl methacrylate) coaxial fibers and conversion to polypyrrole tubes and carbon tubes [47]. In this study, PMMA fibers with an average diameter of 230 nm were initially fabricated by electrospinning as core materials. The PMMA fibers were subsequently coated as templates with a thin layer of PPy by in situ deposition of the conducting polymer from aqueous solution. Hollow PPy nanotubes were produced by dissolution of the PMMA core from PPy/PMMA coaxial fibers. Furthermore, high temperature (1000 °C) treatment under an inert atmosphere can be used to convert PPy/PMMA coaxial fibers into carbon tubes by complete decomposition of the PMMA fiber core and carbonization of the PPy wall (Figure 4.13). 

S. Nair, S. Natarajan, and S. H. Kim, Fabrication of electrically conducting polypyrrole-poly(ethylene oxide) composite nanofibers, Macromolec. Rapid Commun., 26, 1599-1603... 

H. Dong and W. E. Jones Jr., Preparation of submicron polypyrrole/poly(methyl methacrylate) coaxial fibers and conversion to polypyrrole tubes and carbon tubes, Langmuir, 22, 11384-11387 (2006). 

P. Su and C. Wang, Flexible humidity sensor based on Ti02 nanoparticles-polypyrrole-poly-[3-(methacrylamino)propyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride composite materials. Sens. Actual. B,... 

Y. Li, K.G. Neoh, L. Cen, and E.T. Kang, Controlled release of heparin from polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) assembly by electrical stimulation, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 73A(2), 171-181 (2005). 

H J1.M. Ekramul Mahmud, A. Kassim, Z. Zainal, and Y. Wan Mahmood Mat, Fourier transform infrared study of polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) conducting polymer composite films Evidence of film formation and characterization, J. Appl. Polym. ScL, 100(5), 4107-4113 (2006). 

J. Jang, Y. Nam, and H. Yoon. Fabrication of polypyrrole-poly(A-vin-ylcarbazole) core-shell nanoparticles with excellent electrical and optical properties. Ac v. Mater, 17(11) 1382-1386, June 2005. 

FIGURE 20.22 Schematic cross section of the polypyrrole/poly-carbonate/polypyrrole sandwich membrane with an apoenzyme entrapped in the pores. The membrane is drawn as if it is coming out of the plane of the paper. The various components are not drawn to scale. (From Lakshmi, B.B. and Martin, C.R., Nature, 388, 758, 1997. With permission.)... 

One of the earliest known conductive polymers is polysulfumitride (SN) , an inorganic material that tends to be explosive, but becomes superconducting at 0.3 Since then, many conductive polymers have evolved. The most investigated ones appear to be polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly thiophene, poly(phenylene sulfide), and poly(phenylene vinylene). 

The formation of polypyrrole, poly aniline and polythiophene inside the host s gallery space is evident in the FT-IR spectra of these compounds, which clearly show characteristic vibrations of the corresponding polymers in the 1000-1600 cm region (for the case of (V) see figure 2). The FT-IR spectra of these compounds compare favorably with those of chemically and electrochemically prepared (conventional) conductive polymers. There is... 

Poly(3 -(2-aminopyrimidyl -2,2 5, 2 -terthiophene)), reduced graphene oxide = MeOH, graphene oxide Overoxidized polypyrrole Poly(2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid]... 

Unsal C., Kalaoglu F., Karakas H., and Sarac A. S., Polypyrrole/ poly(aciylonitrile-co-butyl acrylate). Comp. Adv. Polym. Technol., 2013, 32, SI, E784-E792, D01 10.1002/adv.21321. 

Arman B. and Sarac A. (2014) In situ preparation of core shell-polypyrrole/poly (acrylonltrlle-co-vlnyl acetate) nanoparticles and their nanofibers. Soft Nanosci. Lett 4, 42-49, DOI 10.4236/ snl.2014.42006. 

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