Incorporated water

I could be improved, including the need to incorporate water molecules and use a appropriate representation of the chloride anion. 

Fig. 6. [2]Pseudorotaxane and [3]pseudorotaxane dendrimers incorporating water-soluble dendritic 3-CD...

In many pharmaceutical dosage forms, it may be necessary to incorporate water-miscible solvents to... 

The gradual frequency increase from points B to C is explained by the mass decrease due to the evaporation of water deposited between layers from the subphase. The amount of incorporated water (W2 / ng) and its evaporation speed (v / ng min- ) were calculated from the frequency change and the initial slope of the time course between points B and C, respectively. The cadmium octadecanoate LB films were observed to incorporate W2 = 209 5 ng of water with 4 layers of LB films (W, = 232 3 ng) at the first dipping cycle cadmium octadecanoate were transferred on a substrate with the water of almost the same mass of LB films. 

Figure 4 Effect of number of layers on the amount of incorporated water (W2) and the evaporation speed of the water (v) in the transfer of cadmium octadecanoate LB films. The hydrophilic (O) and hydrophobic ( )...

The incorporated amount of water (W2) seems to increase with decreasing the dipping speed. Since the W2 value may include both the really incorporated water and the swelling with water when the substrate exists in the water subphase, the effect of dipping speed on W2 values should be divided in two factors. We have already reported... 

The W2 and v values for LB films prepared from various aliphatic acid cadmium salts having different alkyl-chain lengths (C)6 - C22) were also obtained and the results are shown in Figure 6. All LB films could be transferred with the transfer ratio of 1.0 0.1 in these conditions. The W2 value was constant and independent of the chain length, but the v value decreased with decreasing the chain length. This indicates that the chain length of lipids mainly affects the evaporation speed of water in LB interlayer and has no effect on the amount of the incorporated water. 

Thus, the incorporated water seems to exist near the hydrophilic head groups, so that the W2 value depended on their hydrophilicity, but not on the alkyl chain length. On the contrary, the evaporation speed v... 

LB films of various lipids were transferred on a QCM as a substrate under various conditions. The mass of the transferred film (W, the transfer ratio), the amount of incorporated water (W 2), and the evaporation speed (v) were evaluated from the frequency changes of the QCM during transfer processes in situ. We could estimate the deposition state and structures of LB films from these values. When the LB films deposited at the lower surface pressure and at the higher dipping speed on the more hydrophilic surface, the smaller transfer ratio and the larger amount of incorporated water, and the larger evaporation speed of the water were observed, which indicates the deposition of the disordered LB films. On the contrary, when the well-packed LB films are obtained, the good transfer ratio (W ), the small W2... 

When the hydrogen-bonding assemblies incorporate water [Cu(LHe)2] Cl2-H20 or methanol [Cu(Lmm)2]Br2-MeOH molecules to maintain (4,4) grid formation (Scheme 9) the 2-D sheet adopts a severely corrugated profile (<(>=73.6° and 90°, respectively), Similarly, when a molecular structure is formed [Cu(Lbm)2] Cl2, the corrugated profile has a very large amplitude (< >=130.6°). 

Our approach has been to study a very simple clay-water system in which the majority of the water present is adsorbed on the clay surfaces. By appropriate chemical treatment, the clay mineral kao-linite will expand and incorporate water molecules between the layers, yielding an effective surface area of approximately 1000 m2 g . Synthetic kaolinite hydrates have several advantages compared to the expanding clays, the smectites and vermiculites they have very few impurity ions in their structure, few, if any, interlayer cations, the structure of the surfaces is reasonably well known, and the majority of the water present is directly adsorbed on the kaolinite surfaces. 

The 15N,1H shift correlation maps are most conveniently recorded with a sensitivity-enhanced HSQC sequence with incorporated water flip-back pulses for reduced saturation transfer and pulsed-field gradients for coherence selection. The pulse sequence of the experiment is shown in Fig. 14.4 A. 

Hydrates are compounds that incorporate water molecules in their crystalline structures. The ratio of moles of water to one mole of the compound is a small whole number. For example, in the hydrated compound copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate (CuS04,5H20), the ratio is 5 1. The ratio of moles of water to one mole of a hydrate can be determined experimentally by heating the hydrate to remove water. 

CA 72, 43048x(1970) [AN expls safe against firedamp but with high deton vel were prepd by incorporating water in addn to KC1 or NaCT For example, gel-like expls contd AN 30—70, TNT 10—40, powd Al 5—40, water 10—40, NaCl (or KC1 or borax) 5—40 and an adhesive 0,5—2 parts. An expl thus prepd had a deton rate 4000m/sec compared with 3200 for an expl prepd without Al and water]... 

Dynamic mechanical response spectra of elastin145 (insoluble protein of vessels and ligaments), poly(ethylene terephthalate)141 and polycarbonate based on Bisphenol A (4,4 -dihydroxydiphenylmethane)141 show that incorporated water brings about enlargement of the existing secondary loss peak and its displacement toward lower temperatures. In conformity with the latter result, the activation energy of the relaxation process of elastin decreases. So far, no detailed data on this type of relaxation have been collected so that the copartidpation of water in the molecular motion cannot be specified more accurately. 

A statistical thermodynamic analysis indicates that a pure lecithin molecule in water will aggregate to bilayers with a maximum disorder due to uncompensated charges58. They represent unstable fabrics, where the thickness of the bilayers varies with the amount of incorporated water. 

Some salts, such as sodium chloride, copper carbonate and sodium nitrate, crystallise in their anhydrous forms (without water). However, many salts produce hydrates when they crystallise from solution. A hydrate is a salt which incorporates water into its crystal structure. This water is referred to as water of crystallisation. The shape of the crystal hydrate is very much dependent on the presence of water of crystallisation. Some examples of crystal hydrates are given in Table 8.6 and shown in Figure 8.20. 

It is not always necessary that the fit be as good as that in Fig. 3 for useful results to be obtained. Fig. 4 shows the patterns for Rietveld refinement of a modified hydroxyapatite model for human tooth enamel (17) with both x-ray and neutron data. Here the difference curves show poorer fits than are shown in Fig. 3 and RWp is larger, being 26% for both the x-ray and the neutron cases. Nonetheless, the positions of the principal atoms were verified to ML 01 A, some of their site occupancies suggested the presence of expected substitutions, and information about the location of structurally incorporated water was revealed. 

Iron salts generally tend to incorporate water, and Iron Blue is no exception to this. A higher water content in the solid body results in... 

The water solubility of a lead compound can be improved by three general methods salt formation (see section 3.5), by incorporating water solubilizing groups into its structure (see section 3.6), especially those that can hydrogen... 

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