Zinc -, poly

Bis(but-3-enoato)zinc, a two-dimensional coordination polymer, has been polymerized in the solid state by irradiation of a crystalline sample resulting in isotactic zinc poly(but-3-enoate).393... 

ZnO displays similar redox and alloying chemistry to the tin oxides on Li insertion [353]. Therefore, it may be an interesting network modifier for tin oxides. Also, ZnSnOs was proposed as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries [354]. It was prepared as the amorphous product by pyrolysis of ZnSn(OH)6. The reversible capacity of the ZnSn03 electrode was found to be more than 0.8 Ah/g. Zhao and Cao [356] studied antimony-zinc alloy as a potential material for such batteries. Also, zinc-graphite composite was investigated [357] as a candidate for an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Zinc parhcles were deposited mainly onto graphite surfaces. Also, zinc-polyaniline batteries were developed [358]. The authors examined the parameters that affect the life cycle of such batteries. They found that Zn passivahon is the main factor of the life cycle of zinc-polyaniline batteries. In recent times [359], zinc-poly(anihne-co-o-aminophenol) rechargeable battery was also studied. Other types of batteries based on zinc were of some interest [360]. 

Zinc poly(thio)phosphate thermal films have been recently recognized to be precursor reaction products in the formation of polyphosphate glasses tribofilm (Bascom et al., 1959 Bovington and Dacre, 1984 Fuller et al., 1997 Martin, 1999 Varlot et al. 1999 Willermet et al. 1991). 

Kwak JCT, Nelson RWP. Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. 4. The systems nickel chloride—nickel poly(styrenesulfonate), zinc chloride—zinc poly-(styrenesulfonate), and cadmium chloride—cadmium poly(styrenesulfonate). J Phys Chem 1978 82 2388-2391. 

Martin et al. recently proposed a two-layer structure of the ZnDTP tribofilms, where a thin, ( lOnm) long-chain zinc poly(thio)phosphate film is superimposed on a thicker ( 100 nm) short-chain mixed Fe/Zn polyphosphate film, containing some embedded nanocrystallites of ZnO and ZnS [17]. A model for elucidating the mechanism of the tribochemical reaction of zinc dithiophosphate with a steel substrate has been based on the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, developed by Pearson [18,19] and applied to the ZnDTP by Jones and Coy [20] and by Martin [21]. 

The tribofilm thus mainly consisted of a short-chain zinc poly(thio)phosphate, together with traces of zinc sulphide. At 30 °C, almost no changes in the film composition were observed with decreasing load. In the non-contact areas, there were small amounts of zinc oxide with traces of phosphate compounds and sulphides. 

The 10 N tribofilm produced at 80 °C mainly contained short-chain zinc poly(thio)phosphate, with some sulphides. Applying a 5 N load led to the same film composition, and with 0.5 N there was slightly more sulphur present. The non-contact film was similar to that at 30 °C, but with higher amounts of zinc sulphide and zinc sulphate. 

At 150 °C, the 10 N tribofilm was made of short-chain zinc poly(thio)phosphate, together with small amounts of zinc sulphate and sulphides. Again the same film composition was found at 5 N load. At the lowest load of 0.5 N, the main compound was still zinc poly(thio)phosphate, but the film contained more zinc sulphide and sulphate. Some iron substituting for zinc was detected as well. In the non-contact area there was a long-chain zinc poly(thio)phosphate with higher amounts of zinc sulphate and zinc sulphide. 

Huang J, Fu X, Wang G, Ge Y, Miao Q (2012) A high efficient large-scale asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins employing a novel type of chiral salen Mn(III) immobilized onto layered crystalline aryldiamine modified zinc poly(styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate. J Mol Catal A Chem 357 162-173... 

Mixed Metal Antimony Synergists Worldwide scarcities of antimony have prompted manufacturers to develop synergists that contain less antimony. Other metals have been found to work in concert with antimony to form a synergist that is as effective as antimony alone. Thermoguard CPA from Elf Atochem NA, which contains zinc in addition to antimony, can be used instead of antimony oxide in flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as well as some polyolefin appHcations. The Oncor and AZ products which contain siUcon, zinc, and phosphoms from Anzon Inc. can be used in a similar manner. The mixed metal synergists are 10 to 20% less expensive than antimony trioxide. 

Alumina trihydtate is also used as a secondary flame retardant and smoke suppressant for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) and polyolefin formulations in which antimony and a halogen ate used. The addition of minor amounts of either zinc borate or phosphoms results in the formation of glasses which insulate the unbumed polymer from the flame (21). 

Molybdenum Oxides. Molybdenum was one of the first elements used to retard the flames of ceUulosics (2). Mote recently it has been used to impart flame resistance and smoke suppression to plastics (26). Molybdic oxide, ammonium octamolybdate, and zinc molybdate ate the most widely used molybdenum flame retardants. Properties ate given in Table 5. These materials ate recommended almost exclusively for poly(vinyl chloride), its alloys, and unsaturated polyesters (qv). 

The zinc electrolyte contains ca 60 kg/m zinc as sulfate and ca 100 kg/m free sulfuric acid. It is electrolyzed between electrodes suspended vertically in lead or plastic-lined, eg, poly(vinyl chloride), concrete tanks. The insoluble anodes are made of lead with small amounts of silver. The anodic... 

MggAl2(OH) gC03 -4 H2O, is used to polymerize PO and is activated by calcining at 450°C, a quantitative yield of PPO is obtained at 50°C in 2 hours (96). At Olin, POLY-L polyols have been produced with reduced unsaturation, but the catalyst used to produce them has not been disclosed (97). The use of zinc hexacyanocolbaltate to prepare low unsaturation polyols has been reported (98). 

In paints, zinc oxide serves as a mildewstat and acid buffer as well as a pigment. The oxide also is a starting material for many zinc chemicals. The oxide supphes zinc in animal feeds and is a fertilizer supplement used in zinc-deficient soils. Its chemical action in cosmetics (qv) and dmgs is varied and complex but, based upon its fungicidal activity, it promotes wound healing. It is also essential in nutrition. Zinc oxide is used to prepare dental cements in combination with eugenol and phosphoric and poly(acrylic acid)s (48) (see Dental materials). 

Neodecanoic acid is also used as the carrier for metals in poly(vinyl chloride) heat stabilizers (qv). Metals used in this appHcation include barium, cadmium, and zinc. Tin as the neodecanoate salt has also been claimed as a heat stabilizer for maleic anhydride (97). 

Salts of neodecanoic acid have been used in the preparation of supported catalysts, such as silver neodecanoate for the preparation of ethylene oxide catalysts (119), and the nickel soap in the preparation of a hydrogenation catalyst (120). Metal neodecanoates, such as magnesium, lead, calcium, and zinc, are used to improve the adherence of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheet to safety glass in car windshields (121). Platinum complexes using neodecanoic acid have been studied for antitumor activity (122). Neodecanoic acid and its esters are used in cosmetics as emoUients, emulsifiers, and solubilizers (77,123,124). Zinc or copper salts of neoacids are used as preservatives for wood (125). 

The wash primer is a special type of vinyl coating. This material contains a poly(vinyl butyral) resin, zinc chromate, and phosphoric acid in an alcohol-water solvent. The coating is so thin it is HteraUy washed onto a freshly blasted steel surface, where it passivates the metal surface by converting it to a thin iron phosphate-chromate coating. The alcohol solvent makes it possible to apply the coating over damp surfaces. The coating forms the first coat of... 

Ethers, esters, amides and imidazolidines containing an epithio group are said to be effective in enhancing the antiwear and extreme pressure peiformance of lubricants. Other uses of thiiranes are as follows fuel gas odorant (2-methylthiirane), improvement of antistatic and wetting properties of fibers and films [poly(ethyleneglycol) ethers of 2-hydroxymethyl thiirane], inhibition of alkene metathesis (2-methylthiirane), stabilizers for poly(thiirane) (halogen adducts of thiiranes), enhancement of respiration of tobacco leaves (thiirane), tobacco additives to reduce nicotine and to reduce phenol levels in smoke [2-(methoxymethyl)thiirane], stabilizers for trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2-methylthiirane, 2-hydroxymethylthiirane) and stabilizers for organic compounds (0,0-dialkyldithiophosphate esters of 2-mercaptomethylthiirane). The product of the reaction of aniline with thiirane is reported to be useful in the flotation of zinc sulfide. 

Much work has been carried out in order to elucidate the molecular structure of poly(vinyl chloride). In 1939, Marvel, Sample and Roy dechlorinated PVC with zinc dust to give linked cyclic structures (Figure 12.9). 

Resistance to weathering. Zinc oxide and magnesium oxide stabilize poly-chloroprene against dehydrochlorination. Further, zinc oxide helps vulcanize the rubber, and magnesium oxide reacts with /-butyl phenolic resin to produce a resinate which improves heat resistance of solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. 

Karigl [71] defined a format diffusion coefficient for bromine transport through a poly thy lene separator of a zinc-flow battery by considering the separator a diffusion layer. A value of Dsep(Br3 ) = 2.77 10 10 m2 s l was obtained. 

Poly butadiene with zinc oxide pigment 495... 

Alumina, zirconia, or zinc hybrids with poly(tetramethylene oxide)s were prepared by means of the conventional sol-gel method starting from metal... 

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