Pollutant emissions, source

The determination of which features the underlying factors are composed of provides a basis for attaching a physical Interpretation to the factors. Varlmax rotation of the PGA may be utilized to aid In the Interpretation of the factors. Hierarchical dendrograms Indicate feature clusters whose composition are analogous to PC factors. The physical Interpretation of the clusters and principal components Indicates the Influence of pollution emission sources or meteorological processes on the rainwater composition at an Individual monitoring site. 

SIMCA modeling was utilized to determine the separability of the samples collected at the three different sites. The results presented In Table IV Indicate the model cannot separate the samples from the West Seattle and Maple Leaf sites. Since both of these sites are located downwind of the major regional emission sources and experience similar meteorology their rainwater composition Is similar. The Tolt reservoir site Is separated from the Seattle sites with 79 percent of the samples collected there correctly classified by the SIMCA model. This site Is believed to be Influenced by the same emission sources as the other two sites but experiences different meteorological conditions (primarily longer transport times and more frequent and larger quantity of rainfall) due to Its location In the foothills of the Cascade Mountains (elevation 550 meters). Considering the uncertainty In the reported concentrations (see Table VII) and the similar air pollution emission sources the SIMCA results are reasonable. 

Considerable information about pollutants, emission sources, and treatment techniques has been given in the reference document on best available techniques (BATs) in common waste-water and waste gas treatment released by the European Commission in 2003 (EC, 2003). 

Compilation of yiirPollution Emission Factors, Pub. No. AP-42, 5th ed., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1989. Compilation of A.ir Pollution Emission Factors, Vol 2. Mobile Sources, Pub. No. AP-42, 5th ed., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1989. 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

Compilation ofi Air Pollution Emission Factors, Vol. 1, Stationay Point and Area Sources, AP-42, 4th ed., Suppl. E, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washiagton, D.C., 1993. 

Emission Standards. In order to have a nationwide basis for air pollution emission controls and to set a minimum emission limit, the EPA developed New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). The NSPS set specific poUutant emission limits or describe the best available control technology (BACT) that should be appUed at that source. The EPA has issued NSPS, which apply to new constmction as weU as to large modifications, for many different sources. Sources in the chemical industry include the foUowing. 

Gaseous and particulate pollutants are withdrawn isoldnetically from an emission source and collected in a multicomponent sampling train. Principal components of the train include a high-efficiency glass- or quartz-fiber filter and a packed bed of porous polymeric adsorbent resin (typically XAD-2 or polyurethane foam for PCBs). The filter is used to collect organic-laden particulate materials and the porous polymeric resin to adsorb semivolatile organic species (com-... 

The energy release and air pollution emissions from personal sources in the United States are greater than those from industry and utilities combined. In any major city in the United States, the mass of pollutants emitted... 

To develop an emission inventory for an area, one must (1) list the types of sources for the area, such as cupolas, automobiles, and home fireplaces (2) determine the type of air pollutant emission from each of the listed sources, such as particulates and SO2 (3) examine the literature (9) to find valid emission factors for each of the pollutants of concern (e.g., "particulate emissions for open burning of tree limbs and brush are 10 kg per ton of residue consumed") (4) through an actual count, or by means of some estimating technique, determine the number and size of specific sources in the area (the number of steelmaking furnaces can be counted, but the number of home fireplaces will probably have to be estimated) and (5) multiply the appropriate numbers from (3) and (4) to obtain the total emissions and then sum the similar emissions to obtain the total for the area. 

In its simplest form, a model requires two types of data inputs information on the source or sources including pollutant emission rate, and meteorological data such as wind velocity and turbulence. The model then simulates mathematically the pollutant s transport and dispersion, and perhaps its chemical and physical transformations and removal processes. The model output is air pollutant concentration for a particular time period, usually at specific receptor locations. 

Fig. 25-3. Bubble concept. This pollution control concept places an imaginary bubble over an entire industrial plant, evaluating emissions from the facility as a whole instead of requiring control point-by-point on emission sources. Numbers represent emissions from individual sources, some of which can be fugitive sources, and from the entire industrial plant. Source Drawing courtesy of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

Promulgate technology-based emission standards for lisfed pollutants and sources. 

EPA Federal Register, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Facilites 60, 170 p. 45947, 1995. 

In addition to chemicals covered under TRI, many other chemicals are released. For example, the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has compiled air pollutant emission factors for determining the total air emissions of priority pollutants (e.g., VOCs, SO, NO, CO, particulates, etc.) from many refinery sources. The EPA Office of Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of concern within a particular industry. With the exception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI chemicals reported above. 

Pollution prevention is always preferred to the use of end-of-pipe pollution control facilities. Therefore, every attempt should be made to incorporate cleaner production processes and facilities to limit, at source, the quantity of pollutants generated. The choice of flash smelting over older technologies is the most significant means of reducing pollution at source. Sulfur dioxide emissions can be controlled by ... 

One major item remains before we can apply the dispersion methodology to elevated emission sources, namely plume height elevation or rise. Once the plume rise has been determined, diffusion analyses based on the classical Gaussian diffusion model may be used to determine the ground-level concentration of the pollutant. Comparison with the applicable standards may then be made to demonstrate compliance with a legal discharge standard. 

Chapter 5 describes simplified methods of estimating airborne pollutant concentration distributions associated with stationary emission sources. There are sophisticated models available to predict and to assist in evaluating the impact of pollutants on the environment and to sensitive receptors such as populated areas. In this chapter we will explore the basic principles behind dispersion models and then apply a simplified model that has been developed by EPA to analyzing air dispersion problems. There are practice and study problems at the end of this chapter. A screening model for air dispersion impact assessments called SCREEN, developed by USEPA is highlighted in this chapter, and the reader is provided with details on how to download the software and apply it. 

J.B. White, J.C. Reaves, P.C. Reist, and L.S. Mann. A data base on the sources of indoor air pollution emissions. In Engineering solutions to indoor air pollution Proceedings of the ASHRAE Conference lAQ 88, pp. 34-48. ASHRAE, Atlanta, 1988. 

Maintains a data base which collects and classifies all of the information about air toxics control programs submitted by federal, state and local agencies. The information is organized by agency, pollutant and emission source. Serves state and local agencies and the public. Monday through Friday, 7 30 a.m. - 5 00p.m., EST. 

Area sources include die multitude of minor sources with individually small emissions diat are impractical to consider as separate point or line sources. Area sources are topically treated as a grid netw ork of square areas, widi pollutant emissions distributed uniformly within each grid square. Area source information required includes types and amounts of pollutant emissions, die... 

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