Pollution sources emission inventory

Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE), 2003b. Preliminary Development of national source and emission inventories for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) emission inventory establishment (HCB, PCBs, and PAHs). KMOE report (in Korean), Seoul, Korea. 

An emission inventory is a list of the amount of pollutants from all sources entering the air in a given time period. The boundaries of the area are fixed (8). 

The method used to develop the emission inventory does have some elements of error, but the other two alternatives are expensive and subject to their own errors. The first alternative would be to monitor continually every major source in the area. The second method would be to monitor continually the pollutants in the ambient air at many points and apply appropriate diffusion equations to calculate the emissions. In practice, the most informative system would be a combination of all three, knowledgeably applied. 

To develop an emission inventory for an area, one must (1) list the types of sources for the area, such as cupolas, automobiles, and home fireplaces (2) determine the type of air pollutant emission from each of the listed sources, such as particulates and SO2 (3) examine the literature (9) to find valid emission factors for each of the pollutants of concern (e.g., "particulate emissions for open burning of tree limbs and brush are 10 kg per ton of residue consumed") (4) through an actual count, or by means of some estimating technique, determine the number and size of specific sources in the area (the number of steelmaking furnaces can be counted, but the number of home fireplaces will probably have to be estimated) and (5) multiply the appropriate numbers from (3) and (4) to obtain the total emissions and then sum the similar emissions to obtain the total for the area. 

Valid emission factors for each source of pollution are the key to the emission inventory. It is not uncommon to find emission factors differing by 50%, depending on the researcher, variables at the time of emission measurement, etc. Since it is possible to reduce the estimating errors in the... 

Estimates of urban NOx emissions and trends are generally limited to those provided by the developed countries which have the detailed emission Inventories. As In the case of other pollutants, the USA contributes the most on a per-country basis to the global NOx emissions per year. Because of the Inaccuracy of the data base used. It Is difficult to discern trends In these emissions. However, with new control technologies being Implemented for both stationary and mobile sources, downward trends In the developed countries may be more prevalent In the future years. Unfortunately, the opposite trend Is likely to occur In the developing countries. 

Olivier JGJ, Bouwman AF, Van der Hoek KW, Berdowski JJM. 1998. Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NOx,NH3 and N2O in 1990. Environmental Pollution 102 135-148. 

One of the central problems in air pollution research and control is to determine the quantitative relationship between ambient air quality and emission of pollutants from sources. Effective strategies to control pollutants can not be devised without this information. This question has been mainly addressed in the past with source-oriented techniques such as emission inventories and predictive diffusion models with which one traces pollutants from source to receptor. More recently, much effort has been directed toward developing receptor-oriented models that start with the receptor and reconstruct the source contributions. As is the case with much of air pollutant research, improvements in pollutant chemical analysis techniques have greatly enhanced the results of receptor modeling. 

Most studies were focused on the classical POPs such as organochlo-rinated pollutants and little for emerging POPs such as PBDEs and PFAs. Preliminary emission inventory were estimated by use of the top-down approach for by-product POPs. Recently, an emission inventory, based on measurements, was established for dioxins. Over 80% of the total emission for all by-products was determined to be from two major sources, viz. waste incineration and metal production processes, among... 

Breivik, K., Alcock, R., Li, Y.-F., Bailey, R.E., Fiedler, H., Pacyna, J.M., 2004. Primary sources of selected POPs Regional and global scale emission inventories. Environ. Pollut. 128, 3-16. 

The results of a 1987 field test of vehicle emissions in Los Angeles, in which measurements of pollutant concentrations in the air were used to compute actual on-the-road vehicle emissions, surprised the technical community (Pierson et al., 1990). Concentrations of CO and HCs averaged 2.7 and 3.8 times higher, respectively, than predicted by the emission inventory models that are the basis for predictions of mobile source emissions. More recent studies show that the measured values of HCs and CO are about 2 times the predicted concentrations. The remote-sensing and road side data show that about 50% of the CO and HC emissions come from 10% of the vehicles. What was not expected were the high emission rates detected in the worst 20% of more recent model cars (Calvert et al., 1963). 

T Trban airshed models are mathematical representations of atmospheric transport, dispersion, and chemical reaction processes which when combined with a source emissions model and inventory and pertinent meteorological data may be used to predict pollutant concentrations at any point in the airshed. Models capable of accurate prediction will be important aids in urban and regional planning. These models will be used for ... 

Sources of Data. Input Information. Except for initial profiles, the input data for the model are the meteorological conditions and the source emission conditions. Wind speed and diffusion coefficients depend on position and time. Source inventories include the flux of each primary pollutant as it depends upon location in the basin and time of day. 

This model has been exercised on a variety of AQCR s for which an accurate emission inventory, meteorological data base, and measured ground level pollutant concentrations are available. The results discussed in this paper represent analyses of the New York, Philadelphia, Niagara Frontier, St. Louis, and Milwaukee AQCRs 13, 14). These AQCRs represent a reasonable cross-section of the eastern urban AQCRs where the primary sulfur dioxide ambient air quality problem exists. The results of these analyses indicate that the level of control required by emission source to achieve ambient air quality standards can be forecast with greatly increased assurance. The following conclusions from this exercise should be considered in the near-term achievement of ambient air quality standards. 

Bullock (1997) used the Regional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution (RELMAP) to simulate the emission, transport, chemical transformation, and wet and dry deposition of elemental mercury gas, divalent mercury gas, and particulate mercury from various point and area source types to develop an atmospheric mercury emissions inventory by anthropogenic source type. The results of the RELMAP model are shown in Table 5-3. On a percentage basis, various combustion processes (medical waste incinerators, municipal waste incinerators, electric utility power production [fossil fuel burning] and nonutility power and heat generation) account for 83% of all anthropogenic emissions in the United States. Overall, of the emissions produced, 41% were associated with elemental mercury vapor (Hg°), 41% with the mercuric form (Hg2+), and 18% was mercury associated with particulates. 

Early estimates of source contributions to particulate pollution were based on emission inventories—that is, compilations of mass rates of discharge of particulate matter from vtuious sources. Such inventories by themselves are of limited value in determining quantitatively contributions to the aerosol concentration at a given point, such as an air inonitoring station. Emission inventories make no provision for natural background, or particle deposition between the source and the point of measurement. They also do not account for products of gas-to-panicle conversion, which contribute significantly to the... 

Ubelis, A. and V. Bergmanis, 2000, Insight in the history of point source air pollutant emission inventory in Latvia. In Transport and Chemical Transformation in the Troposphere. Munich EUROTRAC-2, 2000, TRAP-2. 

The methodology for calculating any gas emission is based on accounting emission sources in specified regions, types of fuel consumed and the content of pollutants in this fuel. In the case of China s emission inventory the method was as follows. 

Describe the methodology for an emission inventory of air pollutants. Note the peculiarities of individual sources of sulfur dioxide emission in various countries. 

National emission balance of heavy metals in the Czech Republic includes the emissions of cadmium, lead and mercury from all major pollution sources, for which the emission factors were available in the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, published in other countries (Austria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia) or calculated from experimental measurements of projects of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. The results of the cadmium emission balance in the Czech Republic in 1992 are presented in Table 2. The authors assume that the amount of emissions from the sources not included in this inventory do not exceed 5-10% of the total emissions (Fiala et al., 1998). 

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