Phenolic resin fiber

Oya, A., Kimura, M., Sugo, T., Katakai, A., Abe, Y., Iizuka, T., Makiyama, N., Linares-Solano, A, and de Lecea, C. S. M., Antibacterial activated carbon fiber derived from methyl methacrylate grafted phenolic resin fiber, Carbon, 1994, 32(1), 107 110. 

Phenolic novolacs, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin adhesives, 18 783-784 Phenolic resin can coatings, 18 38 Phenolic resin composites, 18 792-794 Phenolic resin drying-oil varnishes, 18 783 Phenolic resin fibers, 18 797-798 mechanical properties of, 18 798 Phenolic resin foam, 18 795-796 Phenolic resin manufacturers, U.S., 18 774 Phenolic resin polymerization, 18 760-765 alkaline catalysts in, 18 762-765 neutral catalysts in, 18 761-762 strong-acid catalysts in, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin prepregs, 18 793 Phenolic resin production unit, 18 766 Phenolic resins, 10 409 18 754-755, 756-802 22 10 26 763 in abrasive materials, 18 786-787 in air and oil filters, 18 790 additional reactants in, 18 759 analytical methods for, 18 774-779 applications of, 18 781-798 batch processes for, 18 766 from biomass and biochemical processes, 18 769-770... 

Thermoplasts, thermosets, elastoplasts, and elastomers can occur in variousprocessedforms as three-dimensional working materials, as foil, film, and coatings in two dimensional form, or in one-dimensional form as fibers or yarn. All classes of plastics, that is, thermoplasts, thermosets, elastoplasts, and elastomers, can be fabricated into working materials. Most fibers and yarn are thermoplastics, but they also include thermosets (i.e., phenolic resin fibers), elastoplasts (i.e., Spandex fibers), and elastomers (i.e., rubber thread). Foil, films, and coatings can also consist of all classes of plastics. Conversely, however, not all representatives of a given class are suitable for a given processed form. 

Activated fibers can also be made from a phenolic resin fiber (Kynol) [18,19] and pitch fiber [5]. 

Micron-sized carbon fibers are synthesized from phenolic resin fibers such as Kynol [27]. The carbon fibers prepared are typically in an activated form, which produces well-developed mesopores for use in applications as high-surface area... 

Pilato LA, Koo J H, Wissler G E and Lao S (2008), A review - Phenolic and related resins and their nanomodification into phenolic resin fiber reinforced plastic systems , J Adv Mater, 40, 5-16, and references therein. 

Figure 5.18. Scanning electron microscope images of activated cartxjn fibers. Kynol ACF, activated from phenolic resin fibers by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan, with permission.

Amino and Phenolic Resins. The largest use of formaldehyde is in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde, phenol—formaldehyde, and melamine—formaldehyde resins, accounting for over one-half (51%) of the total demand (115). These resins find use as adhesives for binding wood products that comprise particle board, fiber board, and plywood. Plywood is the largest market for phenol—formaldehyde resins particle board is the largest for urea—formaldehyde resins. Under certain conditions, urea—formaldehyde resins may release formaldehyde that has been alleged to create health or environmental problems (see Amino RESINS AND PLASTICS). 

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are made mosdy from catalytic reforming of naphthas with units similar to those already discussed. As a gross mixture, these aromatics are the backbone of gasoline blending for high octane numbers. However, there are many chemicals derived from these same aromatics thus many aromatic petrochemicals have their beginning by selective extraction from naphtha or gas—oil reformate. Benzene and cyclohexane are responsible for products such as nylon and polyester fibers, polystyrene, epoxy resins (qv), phenolic resins (qv), and polyurethanes (see Fibers Styrene plastics Urethane POLYiffiRs). 

Ammonia is used in the fibers and plastic industry as the source of nitrogen for the production of caprolactam, the monomer for nylon 6. Oxidation of propylene with ammonia gives acrylonitrile (qv), used for the manufacture of acryHc fibers, resins, and elastomers. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), produced from ammonia and formaldehyde, is used in the manufacture of phenoHc thermosetting resins (see Phenolic resins). Toluene 2,4-cHisocyanate (TDI), employed in the production of polyurethane foam, indirectly consumes ammonia because nitric acid is a raw material in the TDI manufacturing process (see Amines Isocyanates). Urea, which is produced from ammonia, is used in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde synthetic resins (see Amino resins). Melamine is produced by polymerization of dicyanodiamine and high pressure, high temperature pyrolysis of urea, both in the presence of ammonia (see Cyanamides). 

Lin, R. Y. and Economy, J., Preparation and properties of activated carbon fibers derived from phenolic resin precursor, Appl. Polym. Symp., 1973, 21, 143 152. 

On fiberglass resin application sections and forming lines to remove short particles of glass fiber, phenolic resins, and tars,... 

The development of the starter battery in Japan has taken an independent course (see Sec. 9.2.1.2), visibly expressed by the separator s thick glass mat and its lack of spacing ribs (cf. Fig. 19). The cellulosic backweb impregnated with phenolic resin, generally in use until around 1980 and largely identical to the separator of the same type already mentioned has been completely replaced by thin ( 0.3 mm) fleece materials made of organic fibers. 

DSC and DMA scans of, 18 778 Novolac epoxy resins, 10 349 Novolac resins, 15 163. See also Novolacs in coatings, 18 782 in fiber bonding, 18 792 from phenolic resin polymerization,... 

Phenol is both a man-made chemical and produced naturally. It is found in nature in some foods and in human and animal wastes and decomposing organic material. The largest single use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins. However, it is also used in the production of caprolactam (which is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 and other synthetic fibers) and bisphenol A (which is used in the manufacture of epoxy and other resins). Phenol is also used as a slimicide (a chemical toxic to bacteria and fungi characteristic of aqueous slimes), as a disinfectant, and in medicinal preparations such as over-the-counter treatments for sore throats. Phenol ranks in the top 50 in production volumes for chemicals produced in the United States. Chapters 3 and 4 contain more information. 

Chowdhury, M.J.A. and Humphrey, P.E. (1999). The effect of acetylation on the shear strength development kinetics of phenolic resin-to-wood bonds. Wood and Fiber Science, 31(3), 293-299. 

Most carbon fibers use PAN as their precursor however, other polymer precursors, such as rayon [8], pitch (a by-product of petroleum or coal-coking industries), phenolic resins, and polyacetylenes [6,7], are available. Each company usually uses different precursor compositions for its products and thus it is difficult to know the exact composition used in most commercially available carbon fiber products. 

One typical example of carbon/carbon composite plates is that made by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in the United States [12]. The composite preform was fabricafed by a slurry-molding process from fhe mixed slurry befween short carbon fibers (graphite fibers were also added in some sample plates) and fhe phenolic resin. The mass rafio between fiber reinforcement and phenolic matrix is 4 3. The phenolic matrix improves the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the plate. A subsequent vacuum molding process was utilized to fabricate composite plates and fluid fields with relatively high resolution (Figure 5.3, [11]). 

Phenolic resins are the cheapest of all molding materials, since they usually contain more than 50% filler—sawdust, glass fibers, oils, etc. Their main properties are heat resistance, excellent dielectrics, and ease of molding. However, they have poor impact resistance (they crack) and they don t hold most dyes very well, except black. Their use is thereby restricted— they re functional but not pretty. When the telephone companies started making phones in colors, they quit using phenolic resins and instead bought more expensive thermosets. 

Extenders. Materials used in chernical formulations to add bulk or volume and reduce cost.. Extenders range from materials like sawdust, glass fibers, and oils used to add bulk to phenolic resins to water held in a matnx, extending polyester resins. 

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