Pharmaceutical companies Novartis

The development of a new drug is both a time-consuming and a cost-intensive process. It takes 12 to 15 years and costs up to 800 million to bring a new drug to the market. As measured by the market capitalization, the pharmaceutical companies play a pivotal role in the global economy. In February 2003 Pfizer was ranked at position five worldwide, with a market capitalization of 163 billion. Ranking third as far as the market capitalization in Europe is concerned was GlaxoSmithKline, with a current value of 101 billion. Novartis was number five in Europe with 82 billion. 

The synthesis of (+)-discodermolide shown in Scheme 13.74 was developed in the laboratories of the Novartis Pharmaceutical Company and was designed to provide sufficient material for initial clinical trials. The synthesis is largely based on the one... 

Imatinib is a construct of chemists, not nature. It was discovered as one of a large number of molecules synthesized by chemists at Novartis, a large pharmaceutical company, in the search for one that combined all the properties necessary for use in human medicine. 

The present review illustrates that UV-vis based process analytical technology is widely discussed, but published examples are still scarce. The pharmaceutical industry, driven by the FDA s PAT initiative, can be seen as a forerunner. This is reflected by the observation that many references in this chapter are (co-) authored by representatives from pharmaceutical companies like Glaxo Wellcome and GlaxoSmithKline, ° " ° Astra Zeneca, Novartis and Eli Lilly. ... 

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Organon Inc. 

We recently surveyed pharmaceutical companies producing antidepressant medication or central nervous system (CNS) stimulants for the European market. Approval for use of such drugs in children and adolescents is limited worldwide. Sertraline, clomipramine, and flu-voxamine have been approved for use in children (for some drugs down to the age of 6 years) for OCD in some European countries (the most wide spread approval being for sertraline in Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Denmark) and countries outside Europe. Methyl-phenidate has been approved for the treatment of children with ADHD in a number of European and non-European countries (Novartis Health care A/S, personal communication). 

On February 17,2004, Nastech Pharmaceutical Company announced its filing of an ANDA for a salmon calcitonin nasal spray drug product for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. As with Fortical, Novartis s Miacalcin was cited as the reference listed drug however, Nastech chose to submit an ANDA via the 505(j)(l) route, rather than a 505(b)(2) application. 

DTC advertising expenditure has been increasing sharply in the United States, with almost 2.5 billion spent in 2000, three times the level spent in 1996. However, this accounted for only 15% of all drug promotion (Rosenthal etal, 2002). Of this, 60% was spent on television, 37% on print and 3% on billboards and other media advertisements. Use of DTC advertising varies from one pharmaceutical company to another. In the first quarter of2000, both Merck and the former Glaxo Wellcome spent more on DTC than on professional advertising, while Eli Lilly and Novartis both spent less than one-tenth as much on DTC as professional promotion (Matthews, 2001). 

Although at the time of writing there are no clear-cut decisions from the regulatory authorities on how to treat biogenerics and how to show bioequivalence, it is sure that this wiU become a blooming market and that the pharmaceutical companies are preparing. Again, Novartis, for example, has revived the name Sandoz (one of the companies that previously formed this... 

Roche has a research and development (R D) center in China with 40 employees. Novartis built an R D center in China in 2006. Eli Lilly and Company has an R D contract for chemistry services with a Chinese custom research laboratory that is under exclusive service to Lilly. Other pharmaceutical companies also have extensive FTE arrangements with custom research laboratories in China (one example is Merck s collaboration with WuXi PharmaTech). 

Richard Friaiy, Ph.D., is a synthetic organic and medicinal chemist employed by the Schering-Plough Research Institute. This institute forms the discovery and development arm of a fuUy integrated multinational pharmaceutical company. The author s combined experience in this company and CIBA-Geigy (now part of Novartis) spans nearly 30 years. 

Statins can be classified as natural statins and synthetic statins. Lavastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin are the first three natural statins to reach the market. Lavastatin and pravastatin are natural products isolated from fermentation broths, while simvastatin is a semisynthetic statin derived from lavastatin. Fluvastin was the first truly synthetic statin brought to the market by Sandoz pharmaceutical company (now part of Novartis), and it was obtained by replacing the hexahydro-naphthalene core stiucture of the natural statins with the indole nucleus [5]. It was the discovery of fluvastin that opened up the opportunity of more potent synthetic statins including atorvastatin, the most prescribed drug in the world. 

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