Pharmaceutical companies, leading

The medical success of these drugs gave new emphasis to the pharmaceutical industry, which was boosted further by the commencement of industrial-scale penicillin manufacture in the early 1940s. Around this time, many of the current leading pharmaceutical companies (or their forerunners) were founded. Examples include Ciba Geigy, Eli Lilly, Wellcome, Glaxo and Roche. Over the next two to three decades, these companies developed drugs such as tetracyclines, corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, antidepressants and many more. Most of these pharmaceutical substances are manufactured by direct chemical synthesis. 

The EFPIA is situated in Brussels and has, as its members, 25 national pharmaceutical industry associations and leading pharmaceutical companies. Much of the Federation s work is concerned with the activities of the European Commission and the new EMEA. 

More recently, DiMasi, Hansen, and Grabowski (2003) employ a similar methodology to provide updated estimates of research costs. They examine development expenditures for a sample of 68 randomly selected new drugs introduced by 10 leading pharmaceutical companies during the 1990s. These firms accounted for 42% of industry R D expenditures (p. 157). They then... 

The Green Chemistry Institute (GCl) Pharmaceutical Roundtable has used the Process Mass Intensity (PMl) [12], defined as the total mass used in a process divided by the mass of product (i.e. PMl = E factor -i- 1) to benchmark the environmental acceptability of processes used by its members (see the GCl website). The latter include several leading pharmaceutical companies (Eh Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Merck, AstraZeneca, Schering-Plow, and Johnson Johnson). The aim was to use this data to drive the greening of the pharmaceutical industry. We believe, however, that the E factor is to be preferred over the PMl since the ideal E factor of 0 is a better reflection of the goal of zero waste. 

Merck Sharp Dohme Ltd., part of Merck Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA is one of the world s leading pharmaceutical companies. Merck discovers, manufactures, and markets a broad range of products to improve human health, and has an unparalleled reputation for innovative research. 

Which computational properties are considered relevant during the early stages of drug discovery Several reports from leading pharmaceutical companies provide a comprehensive review of these properties and the methods deployed... 

Although niclosamide itself is the outcome of a systematic SAR carried out on salicylanilide derivatives, its molecular skeleton provided enough scope for further molecular modification. Consequently various leading pharmaceutical companies like Hoechst, ICI, Merck and Parke-Davis set out on a vigorous search to develop better anthelmintics than niclosamide. 

By the 1920s the creation of the infrastructure had been completed. Of the fifty leading chemical companies and the thirty leading pharmaceutical companies in terms of revenues in the 1990s, only two chemical companies had entered successfully and they did so during World War II. Therefore, this volume, which reviews the creation of the chemical and pharmaceutical infrastructure, concentrates on the evolution of these eighty companies during the next seventy years. 

The world antibiotic market for 1989, estimated at 12.3 billion dollars (20), was the second biggest pharmaceutical category accounting for approximately 9% of the total world pharmaceutical market. Cardiovascular agents (qv) were first. In 1988 antibiotic production in the United States was 13.1 x 10 kg compared to central nervous system depressants and stimulants, 22.3 x 10 kg, gastrointestinal agents and therapeutic nutrients, 45.2 x 10 kg, and vitamins, 17.5 x 10 kg (21). The leading pharmaceutical companies for the manufacture and sales of antibiotics in 1989 are listed in Table 2 (2). 

The past decades witnessed a major decrease in the number of newly discovered compounds. In an almost 40-year period (1962-2000), no new class of antibiotic was introduced to the market (nalidixic acid in 1962, the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in 2000) [44, 45]. The major reason for the decrease in the number of newly discovered compounds might be a decline in screening efforts [37]. Ironically, some of the leading pharmaceutical companies are currently cutting back their antiinfective programs, especially for natural products [46]. They rather focus their activities on the semisynthetic modification of existing antibiotics to produce second- and third-generation antibiotics with improved properties. 

The largest maiket in the world for pharmaceutical products is the United States. Tables 1 and 2 respeetively illustrate the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States and their ranking in the world market. 

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