French Pharmaceutical Companies

An important feature of the code is its universal applicability. All companies that are members of an affiliated trade association (e.g. ABPI [Association of British Pharmaceutical Industries], LEEM [Les enterprises du medicament or French Pharmaceutical Companies Association], LIF [Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry], Interpharma) are required to apply the minimum standards of the code wherever they do business. Companies entering into licensing and agency agreements are expected to require their licensees and agents to respect the provisions of the IFPMA code. 

Although French law is, in principle, applicable to information available to the French public, it has not been possible for the AFSSAPS or LEEM to regulate websites that originate in foreign countries. However, in the case of websites that French pharmaceutical companies originate access to areas that promote POMs must be restricted to healthcare professionals. 

Vinorelbine demonstrated important antitumour properties associated with reduced toxic side effects and its application was developed during the 1980 s by the French pharmaceutical company Pierre Fabre Medicaments, under the commercial name Navelbine . Vinorelbine is now widely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer, and several other potential indications are under clinical investigation, like lymphoma, esophageal cancer and prostatic carcinoma [16, 22, 23], Furthermore, it has been proved that vinorelbine is well absorbed orally with no unpredictable toxic effects and an oral formulation of the drug was registered in France in 2001 [13, 16]. The main side effect of vinorelbine is hematological toxicity. 

Mifepristone and levonorgestrel are also synthetic steroids that contain an alkyne functional group. Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, induces an abortion if taken early in pregnancy. Its name comes from Roussel-Uclaf, the French pharmaceutical company where it was first synthesized, and from an arbitrary lab serial number. Levonorgestrel is an emergency contraceptive pill. It prevents pregnancy if taken within a few days of conception. 

Amphetamine attracted a widespread audience in 1932, when it was marketed as the nasal inhaler Benzedrine by the pharmaceutical company Smith Kline French. Amphetamine is still widely used as a bronchio dilator, allowing asthmatics to breathe more freely. 

Tucked away in the towering Sun Oil building in downtown Philadelphia are the small corporate headquarters of an obscure firm known as Paco Pharmaceuticals. Paco has only one line of business it packages roughly two-thirds of the amphetamine tablets sold in the United States, under contract from the old Quaker pharmaceuticals companies in the Philadelphia area, including Smith, Kline and French, Rohm and Haas, and Pennwalt. It publishes no annual report or other information concerning its activities, except for one crucial fact it is owned by Charterhouse Japhet, the present incarnation of the old Japhet family opium interests. Paco is also the source of most of... 

Several pharmaceutical companies (Merck, Sharp and Dohme Smith, Kline and French and Schering Corp.) have applied the IBM 101 electronic statistical machine to literature searching (8, p. 232 41 49, p. 240). The number of columns which may be searched simultaneously depends upon the number of punches appearing in a single column, but as many as 60 columns may be examined at one pass of the cards. The 101 is a versatile machine which cuts down the searching time as compared with the simple sorter. A similar machine called ILAS was developed for searching coded steroid structures (49, p. 447) in the U. S. Patent OflBce. 

Although the AFSSAPS guidelines have no binding force from a legal standpoint, French courts consider that pharmaceutical companies must take them into account. 

Additionally the French authorities have implemented specific regulations in order to prevent non-declared taxable activities. According to French law any person or entity that executes a services agreement providing for financial compensation of 3000 or more per year must verify that the service provider (e.g. doctor or pharmacist) complies with tax and social security obligations. The beneficiary of this service (e.g. the pharmaceutical company) must request evidence of compliance with these regulations every six months for the duration of the contract. The documentation required is listed in Article R.324-4 of the French Labor Code. If a beneficiary of a service (e.g. the pharmaceutical company) fails to do this they may themselves be liable for the payment of these taxes/ ... 

One wonders what the conclusions would have been if a few dozen other known antiviral agents had been Incorporated In Bauer s study. Various pharmaceutical companies still have a number of agents not yet reported In the literature for example, Smith Kline French Laboratories has a compound or compounds highly active against a number of rhinoviruses In cell culture systemsWithout information on a number of such compounds, analysis at this time seems premature. 

The three remaining European companies were failures both in terms of technical innovation and financial returns. They really did not have a chance. When VGF s product line, rayon, became obsolete, its eventual successor, Akzo, had to acquire companies in which it had very few strong competitive capabilities. Like Witco, it paid the price of being a latecomer. Rhone-Poulenc had even fewer opportunities. By quickly diversifying into unrelated product lines, it could not benefit from the economies of scale and scope. Its chances of becoming a stable chemical and pharmaceutical company were threatened still further when it was taken over by the French government. 

By the middle of the twentieth century, the old-line pharmaceutical companies, as they were termed, occupied the center of the American medical drug industry. These firms—Eli Lilly, Abbott, SmithKline French, Squibb, and Upjohn, all descended from the integrated wholesaler/manufacturers of the late-nineteenth century—increasingly producing drugs for doctors and... 

During the period following 1970, the intervention of the French government proved decisive in shaping the French pharmaceutical industry. One reason was that after Hoechst acquired majority ownership of France s second-largest pharmaceutical enterprise, Roussel Uclaf, in 1974, foreign participation in the French industry surpassed 50 percent, and 75 percent of France s pharmaceuticals were licensed from foreign companies. And recall-... 

By the 1890s progress had been made in the use of bacteriological filters towards sterilisation, and at about the same time a French pharmacist called Simousin developed the first ampoule. These changes resulted in the manufacture of parenteral solutions passing from the hands of the individual pharmacist or physician to pharmaceutical companies. 

China Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company Sino-American Shanghai Squibb Pharmaceutical Ltd Sino-Swedish Pharmaceutical Corporation Tianjin Smithkline and French Laboratories Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Beijing Zhongrui Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Chongqin Glaxo Pharmaceuticals Ltd Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Ltd... 

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