United Kingdom pharmaceutical companies with

Another concern is that a volimteer may fail to disclose that they have recently participated in another trial or may even be currently doing so. To deal with this problem, efforts have been made on a volimtary basis to establish national databases that can cross-check volunteer participation. Of course, the value of such databases is dependent on the number of CROs, academic units and pharmaceutical companies who participate. In the United Kingdom, a database called TOPS (The Overvolunteering Prevention... 

The promotional formula and the capping of allowable promotional expenses operate in favour of the pharmaceutical companies with large existing sales to the NHS, and to the disadvantage of small companies or companies wishing to start up business in the United Kingdom. 

The prices of medicines sold to the NHS are controlled in the United Kingdom by the PPRS, negotiated periodically every 5 to 6 years by the DoH with the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), for example in 1979, 1986, 1993 and 1999. The PPRS controls the maximum - but not guaranteed - profits that pharmaceutical companies make on the capital they have invested in plant for research, development and manufacturing for sales made to the NHS. (Capital employed by the individual companies... 

We recently surveyed pharmaceutical companies producing antidepressant medication or central nervous system (CNS) stimulants for the European market. Approval for use of such drugs in children and adolescents is limited worldwide. Sertraline, clomipramine, and flu-voxamine have been approved for use in children (for some drugs down to the age of 6 years) for OCD in some European countries (the most wide spread approval being for sertraline in Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Denmark) and countries outside Europe. Methyl-phenidate has been approved for the treatment of children with ADHD in a number of European and non-European countries (Novartis Health care A/S, personal communication). 

In the United Kingdom, the government controls the cost of pharmaceuticals not by limiting individual product prices, but by setting a cap on the profit that individual pharmaceutical companies can enjoy from their business with the National Health Service. Each company negotiates with the Secretariat of Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) a total rate of return on the capital employed in generating its sales to the British National Health Service (NHS). 

Birgli (2013) An evaluation of medicines shortages in Europe with more in-depth review of these in France, Greece, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Report commissioned by the European Association of Euro-Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC). http //static.correofarmaceutico.com/docs/2013/10/21/ evaluatio.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2013... 

The second method of price controls, using profit caps, is employed in, for example, the United Kingdom through the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS), whereby the government negotiates a reasonable profit with companies for products sold to the National Health... 

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