Pharmaceutical companies Japanese

Grelan Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Piperazinylalkylphosphonic Acids, Japanese Patent 81 61,395, 1981. 

Methamphetamine is a potent stimulant that was first synthesized by a Japanese scientist in the early 1900s as an analogue of amphetamine for use as a nasal decongestant, antiasthma drug, and weight loss aid. However, it was not used commercially until the 1940s when it was manufactured and marketed as Methedrine by the pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome. 

Because of these changes, many multinational pharmaceutical companies include the Japanese market into their global development and marketing strategies. It is important to understand, however, that there are still many oddities for conducting clinical trial in Japan. Many of these are due to the difference in medical practice and/or attitude of the Japanese people towards effects and side effects of medicinal products, which may not harmonise with the West in a short period of time. Therefore, it is important to conduct a careful feasibility study before commencing clinical trials in Japan if global development is planned. 

There is serious shortage of medically qualified personnel in Japanese pharmaceutical companies, or worse is the fact that they do not recognise the importance of such expertise in-house. The new GCP requires sponsoring companies to either employ or contract medical professionals in order to obtain medical advice in preparing protocols and conducting clinical trials. 

In Japan, prior to 1979 no formal regulatory guidance was available to western pharmaceutical companies and a marketing authorization of new drug products could not be obtained by non-Japanese manufacturers. The PMDA as we know it today was established in 2004 from the earlier Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Evaluation Centre (PMDEC), the Organisation for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research (OPSR), and the Japanese Association for the Advancement of Medical Equipment (JAAME). 

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE JPMA QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY REGARDING ICH S6 IMPLEMENTATION IN JAPANESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES... 

For the first time, contract research organisations (CROs) have been formally recognised. Previous legislation described as an in-country caretaker someone who operates as a CRO for foreign pharmaceutical companies aiming to obtain Japanese product approval without establishing a formal entity within Japan. Such activity was not open to Japanese pharmaceutical companies, as they were expected to have the full capacity to conduct clinical trials in Japan. 

The smaller European companies evolved by concentrating on their home markets and European ones, and the Japanese likewise focused on their home market and other East Asian ones. These European and Japanese firms often licensed products from and had alliances with U.S. core companies and startup entrepreneurial firms, just as the American competitors did with European and Japanese pharmaceutical companies. Two of the Japanese companies developed from centuries-old roots. Indeed, Takeda began in 1781, and Shionogi nearly a century later in 1871. The third, Sankyo, was formed in the late nineteenth century as Japan began to industrialize and trade with Western nations. In 1898, Parke Davis penetrated Japan, employing Sankyo as its local marketer. The fourth firm, Yamanouchi, was the youngest, established in 1923. ... 

Kampo or Kanpo medicine is the traditional Japanese medicine which is attracting increased attention as a therapy and also from Japanese pharmaceutical companies. Herbs can be classified into three classes with the lower class taken only during illness because they are considered to be the most toxic. Middle class drugs would be used to maintain health and used daily for intermittent periods of time. The highest class of drugs, the upper class, are mainly tonics and adaptogens and should be taken every day to enhance longevity. 

Pharmaceutical companies, which are interested in the terpenoid vitamins - A, E and K - will use citral as an intermediate and may therefore branch out into fragrances. For this reason, Hoffmann-La Roche once owned the fragrance company Givaudan. Similarly, salicylic acid was a common intermediate for some of the fragrance ingredients produced by Haarmann and Reimer and the aspirin produced by their parent company Bayer. The Reimer in question is the Reimer of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction and it was his chemistry upon which Bayer s business was built. Similarly, the Japanese company, Kuraray, manufactures synthetic rubber from butadiene and isoprene and so has diversified into terpenoid aroma chemical manufacture from these basic feedstocks. 

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