Chemical pharmaceutical companies

Chemical Research and Development, Heinrich Mack Nachf, Chemical Pharmaceutical Company. D-7918 Illertissen, Germany... 

Union Chimique Beige was founded in 1928 by, among others, Baron Emmanuel Janssen, who was married to a granddaughter of Ernest Solvay, the founder of Sol-vay, the other Belgian hybrid chemical/pharmaceutical company. At that time, Union Chimique Beige was producing several heavy chemical intermediates such as ammonia, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfide, and coal derivatives. 

Over the last two years, UCB has gone through a tremendous transition from a hybrid chemical/pharmaceutical company to a pure bio-pharmaceutical player. 

This chapter is useful to chemical/pharmaceutical companies that utilise computers for chemical and scientific information management. 

Biological Database Considerations. Since MACCS was oriented to the needs of the research chemist, biological test data and inventory information were easier to treat externally. Many chemical/pharmaceutical companies utilised a general DBMS for data related to chemical structures. These systems served their purpose well, except when chemical structures needed to be inserted into reports or otherwise keyed directly. What was needed was a system that could key both structures and general DBMS data. This required a system that interfaced MACCS with general DBMS s directly. 

Applications Adaptability. In 1984, many chemists appreciated 4th generation capabilities and wanted a system that allowed scientific programmers to create menu-driven interfaces for their applications. In addition, they wanted to include the menu-driven chemical database operations of MACCS as part of their applications packages. This would minimise the need to learn multiple systems such as MACCS, DATACCS and DBMS s, and improve their productivity. In summary, scientists needed a system with the adaptability to meet the research application needs of their multidepartment chemical/pharmaceutical companies. 

VAX VMS. DEC VAX computers with the VMS operating system have become the de facto standard hardware/operating system mini/mainframe computing environment for the chemical/pharmaceutical industry. In July of 1985, over 60% of those chemical/ pharmaceutical companies using MACCS for research chose VAX with VMS. Other computers, such as Prime and IBM, were each less than 20%. By the time of writing, the... 

ORACLE could become the de facto standard RDBMS for the chemical/pharmaceutical industry. In February of 1985, nearly 20% of those chemical/pharmaceutical companies using MACCS and a DBMS for research preferred ORACLE, while INQUIRE and System 1032 tied for second place with slightly more than 10%. By the time of writing, the figure for ORACLE has risen to nearly 30% and the other systems are each less than 10%. The only system besides ORACLE that made even modest gains in this area is RTFs INGRES. 

Versions of the ORACLE and INGRES RDBMSs have been announced for distributed use. These will utilise PCs, workstations, or mini/mainframes as nodes. Work done at the University of California, Berkeley on the academic version of INGRES is indicative of the features of these RDBMS s. A user may submit a query at his node that requests information that is distributed over several other nodes. The retrieval algorithm polls the nodes for availability, optimises the query for retrieval speed, and retrieves the requested data across the network. When mature, this technology should be useful in chemical/pharmaceutical companies that are multidepartment, multisite, and multinational organisations. 

Each circle represents the research database of a department in a chemical/pharmaceutical company ... 

In Figure 7, each circle depicts the research database of a department in a chemical/ pharmaceutical company. The union of all circles represents the chemical-scientific database of the company. Intersecting circles indicate data sharing and communication between departments. Since each department views its data in special ways and may select particular software, it is difficult to design a chemical-scientific database system that treats all unions and intersections. A chemical-scientific database system that can be customised for the various data views is a flexible solution to this difficulty. 

The union of all circles for all departments and sites represents the computer system of a chemical/pharmaceutical company. 

Chlorhydrol, Rebels Chemical Company, division of Armour Pharmaceutical Company, Chicago, fll., 1970. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) identified the need for a publication dealing with process safety issues unique to batch reaction systems. Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems, is the result of a project begun in 1997 in which a group of volunteer professionals representing major chemical, pharmaceutical and hydrocarbon processing companies, worked with Arthur D. Little Inc., to produce a book that attempts to describe the safe design and operation of batch reaction systems. The objectives of the book are to... 

The non-penicillin wastewater from a pharmaceutical company was collected and used in the batch aeration wastewater treatment experiment. The pharmaceutical wastewater had a clear orange colour, strong odour, contained toxic chemicals and had a COD value in the range of 3000-30,000 mg per litre. The pH of the wastewater was neutralised and monitored for each experimental ran, as the bacteria would have a higher rate of propagation at neutral pH. 

The submitters used reagent-grade acetonitrile (Mallinckrodt Chemical Works) dried prior to use by storage over Matheson Linde type 4A molecular sieves. The checkers used reagent-grade acetonitrile obtained from Ishizu Pharmaceutical Company, Japan, dried prior to use by storage over 4A molecular sieves obtained from Nakarai Chemicals, Ltd., Japan. 

Erythorbic acid is available as a 98+% Food Chemical Codex product (as per Pfizer sodium erythorbate FCC, although as Pfizer is now a pharmaceuticals company, much of the world s erythorbate is now supplied from China and other Asian countries) and in many diluted or blended forms, such as Nalco Sur-Gard . The ONDEO Nalco material is typical of products used within the industry, being based on erythorbic acid buffered with amine. A 1% solution of the product has a pH level of 6.3. 

In 1938, Congress passed this law that gave the FDA control over the manufacture and sale of dru, food, and cosmetics. Before the passage of this act, some drugp, as well as foods and cosmetics, contained chemicals that were often harmful to humans. This law requires that these substances are safe for human use. It also requires pharmaceutical companies to perfonn... 

The present route to (terminal alkynes reported by a group from the Chemical Process Department at the DuPont Pharmaceutical Company.2 This alcohol serves as a convenient starting material for the preparation of 1-acyloxy 4-mesylates 10 (eq 1). 

To close, we distill in Figure 1.3 the essence of what we have described about the history of computing at pharmaceutical companies over the last four decades. We plot the number of papers published (and abstracted by Chemical Abstracts Service) for each year from 1964 through 2004, the most recent... 

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