Pharmaceutical research company

Direct instrument control (or the lack of it) was an important issue for the earlier version of CDS. The scheme of connecting the detector channels through A/Ds to CDS worked well in analytical laboratories across the pharmaceutical industry. The scheme provided enough flexibility so that the CDS could collect data from a variety of instruments, including GC, HPLC, IC, SFC, and CE. It was equally important that the CDS could be connected to instruments that were manufactured by different vendors. It was not uncommon to find a variety of instruments from different vendors in a global pharmaceutical research company. The disadvantage of this scheme was that the instrument metadata could not be linked to the result file of each sample analyzed. It could not be guaranteed that the proper instrument parameters were used in sample analysis. Another need came from the increased use of... 

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are being integrated into drug development by most, if not all, pharmaceutical research companies. Submission of pharmacogenetic and... 

The pharmaceutical industry employs similar language in its promotional material. An early advertisement for Prozac suggests that Like arthritis or diabetes, depression is a physical illness (Valenstein 1988, reproduced on p. 181). A leaflet produced in 1996 by a consortium called America s Pharmaceutical Research Companies neatly summarises the idea of the chemical imbalance and its relation to a disease-centred model of drug action ... 

Computerized Aids to Organic Synthesis in a Pharmaceutical Research Company... 

Traugott Sandmeyer (1854-1922) was born in Wettingen. Switzerland, and received his Ph.D. at the University of Heidelberg. He spent his professional career doing pharmaceutical research at the Geigy Company in Basel,... 

Today, computers are so ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development that it may be hard to imagine a time when there were no computers to assist the medicinal chemist or biologist. A quarter-century ago, the notion of a computer on the desk of every scientist and company manager was not even contemplated. Now, computers are absolutely essential for generating, managing, and transmitting information. The aim of this chapter is to give a... 

Table 1 Company-Financed Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development by Country, 1997... 

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute,... 

Researchers from Eli Lilly pharmaceuticals, (a company founded in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly veteran of the US Civil War), undertook further intensive phytochemical studies and characterized 60 alkaloids, of which a group of 20 binary indole alkaloids—including vincristine and vinblastine. Vinblastine sulphate (Velbe ) inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and is used to treat generalized Hodgkin s disease and chorionepithelioma, whereas vincristine sulphate (Oncovin ) is used to treat leukemia in children. 

This company founded in 1994, is a contract molecular biology and screening service company for the pharmaceutical, research, and clinical markets worldwide. Custom services include gene synthesis, DNA sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis, nucleic acid purification, and genotype/genetic analysis. 

Anti-Tumor Chemistry, 2CNS Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, U.S.A. 

PAMPA can quickly provide information about passive-transport permeability that is not complicated by other mechanisms (e.g., active transport, paracel-lular transport, and metabolism) [103], The procedure is used increasingly in pharmaceutical research in major pharmaceutical companies as well as in CROs [13, 137, 175, 179, 165, 119, 70], However, it should be stated that PAMPA to date comprises numerous methods applied in various laboratories using different membrane constituents, sink conditions, permeation times, etc., which makes interlaboratory comparison extremely difficult. Therefore, standardization and validation methods of this technique should be introduced. 

Figure 1.2 R D investments by research-based US pharmaceutical companies. Source. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2006. http //www.phrma.org/files/2006%20Indusry%20 Profile.pdf, and http //www.phrma.org/news room/press releases/r%26d spending by u.s. biopharmaceutical companies reaches a record %2455.2 billion in 2006/ [accessed July 7, 2007].

Further examples of R D investments into drug research by research-based US pharmaceutical companies from 1980 to 2006 are shown in Fig. 1.2. The enormous spending on R D has escalated in recent years. According to reports by The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), US pharmaceutical companies have almost doubled their R D spending every five years since 1980. Out of every five dollars earned in sales, a dollar is put back into R D. In 2006 the US pharmaceutical industry spent 55.2 billion to develop new drugs. 

The pharmacopeias have worked with the ICH process to facilitate the international environment of pharmaceutical research and product registration. On the other hand, the additional situation for compendia is that the standards which they have published now apply to all of the already marketed products. In that case a company has testing history and product history in their quality control departments. These are the most conservative elements within the pharmaceutical industry as is necessary to their task. Quality control departments are reluctant to change methods when they feel that their products are properly represented by the current of tests. Therefore, a tension is ereated between trying to develop harmonized standards, which facilitate one area of activity in the world of pharmaeeutieals, and not disturbing a satisfactory marketplace. A vast amount of progress has been made in the harmonization of phar-maeopeial methods. 

Elan Pharmaceutical Research Corporation Eli Lilly and Company Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. 

The results of clinical trials conducted under an IND have traditionally been regarded as confidential business information that FDA was prohibited from releasing to the public under the Freedom of Information Act and that the publication of which was determined solely by the drug sponsor. The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 established a clinical trial data bank for drugs for serious or life-threatening disease and required the inclusion of information on all effectiveness trials for these drugs. As a result of widespread concern about the lack of public availability of information about all clinical trials and their results, individual companies and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have... 

Cheminformatics, Johnson Johnson, Pharmaceutical Research Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California, USA Brett R. Beno Computer Aided Drug Design, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Curt Breneman Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA... 

Andrew Good Computer Aided Drug Design, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA... 

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