Petroleum description

Figure 1. Methylated 1-methyl-1 -(4,8,12-trimethyl tridecyl)chromans (MTTC) as indicators of palaeosalinity structures, definition of the MTTC ratio and typical methylated MTTC distributions in sediments and petroleums. Description of the samples is given elsewhere (16).

The layers were separated and four extractions with the light petroleum fraction (50-ml portions) were carried out without delay (note 1). The combined extracts were washed with ice-water and subsequently dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution was warmed in a water-pumpvacuum and the ethoxyacetylene condensed in a receiver cooled at -80°C (see Chapter I for the description of this procedure). Redistillation of the contents of the receiver at normal pressure (760 nmHg) through a 40-cm Vigreux column gave ethoxyacetylene, b.p. 52°C, n ° 1.3820 in 62-702 yield. 

Anhydrous Acetic Acid. In the manufacture of acetic acid by direct oxidation of a petroleum-based feedstock, solvent extraction has been used to separate acetic acid [64-19-7] from the aqueous reaction Hquor containing significant quantities of formic and propionic acids. Isoamyl acetate [123-92-2] is used as solvent to extract nearly all the acetic acid, and some water, from the aqueous feed (236). The extract is then dehydrated by azeotropic distillation using isoamyl acetate as water entrainer (see DISTILLATION, AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE). It is claimed that the extraction step in this process affords substantial savings in plant capital investment and operating cost (see Acetic acid and derivatives). A detailed description of various extraction processes is available (237). 

Irreversible processes are mainly appHed for the separation of heavy stable isotopes, where the separation factors of the more reversible methods, eg, distillation, absorption, or chemical exchange, are so low that the diffusion separation methods become economically more attractive. Although appHcation of these processes is presented in terms of isotope separation, the results are equally vaUd for the description of separation processes for any ideal mixture of very similar constituents such as close-cut petroleum fractions, members of a homologous series of organic compounds, isomeric chemical compounds, or biological materials. 

As you continue to read, scan over the sidebar discussions. These provide a summary of the toxicity and fate data for the principal hazardous chemicals released by petroleum refinery operations. The sidebar discussions also provide descriptions of the most common routes by which these pollutants enter the environment as a result of common refinery practices and operations. 

A separate table such as the example in Table 15-2 is prepared for each line designation. Each valve is assigned a designation on the flowsheets and explained in this table. The pipe, valves, and fittings table can sp( acceptable valves by manufacturer and model number, by a generic description, or by a combination of the two as shown in the example. It should be pointed out that Tables 15-1 and 15-2 are examples from American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 14E and are illustrative only. There are almost as many different formats for pipe, valve, and fip "" tables as there are companies, and these examples are in no manner ty or recommended. Often, for. simphcity, valve types are not described i pipe, valve, and fittings specifications but on separate sheets for each. ... 

U.S. Geological Suiwey. (2U0U). U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000—Description and Results. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. 

The term fixed cutter is used as the most correct description for the broad category of nonroller cone rock bits. The cutting elements may be comprised of any suitable material. To date, several types of diamond materials are used almost exclusively for fixed cutter petroleum drilling applications. This leads to the widespread use of the term diamond bits and PDC bits in reference to fixed cutter designs. 

Miska, S., and P. Skalle, Theoretical description of a new method of optimal hydraulic program design, Society of Petroleum Engineering Journal, August 1981. 

Landfill leachate or gas condensate derived from listed waste. Landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate derived from previously disposed wastes that now meet the listing description of one or more of the petroleum refinery listed wastes would be regulated as a listed hazardous waste. However, U.S. EPA temporarily excluded such landfill leachate and gas condensate from the definition of hazardous waste provided their discharge is regulated under the CWA. The exclusion will remain effective while U.S. EPA studies how the landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate are currently managed, and the effect of future CWA effluent limitation guidelines for landfill wastewaters. 

The main facets of the oil and gas industry are exploration, production, refining, transportation and marketing. A brief description of each of these sectors is provided in this chapter. Although some petroleum companies are fully integrated with each of these operations others are segmented and only operate in their particular area of expertise or highest financial return. 

In terms of waste definition, there are three basic approaches (as it pertains to petroleum, petroleum products, and nonpetroleum chemicals) to defining petroleum or a petroleum product as hazardous (1) a qualitative description of the waste by origin, type, and constituents (2) classification by characteristics based on testing procedures and (3) classification as a result of the concentraUon of specific chemical substances. 

Analysts need consistent, reliable, and credible methodologies to produce analytical data about gaseous emissions (Pamaik, 2004). To fulfill this need in this book, this chapter is devoted to descriptions of the various analytical methods that can be applied to identify gaseous emissions from a refinery (ASTM, 2004 IP, 2001). Each gas is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas (ASTM D4150). However, the composition of each gas varies, and recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied. 

The purpose of this chapter is to present a description of the methods by which petroleum products-effluents-emissions are treated in an attempt to ensure that pollution does not occur and products-effluents-emissions fall within legislative specifications. Indeed, as already noted, enviromnental analysis is the major... 

To accomplish this goal, the book focuses on the various aspects of environmental science and engineering as applied to the petroleum refining industry. Part I presents an introduction to, and a description of, the nomenclature used by refiners and by environmental scientists and engineers. This part includes a description of petroleum, petroleum refining, and petroleum products. Part II includes a discussion of the relevant environmental regulations in the United... 

The terms butene-1 and butene-2 are the petrochemical nomenclature used to refer to what the petroleum refining industry calls normal butylenes. Butene-1 and -2 are more specific and descriptive. But to complicate matters more, there are two kinds of butene-2, cis-butene-2 and trans-butene-2. 

For years, AIChE has sponsored public presentation of actual incident descriptions with accompanying lessons learned. Some of these case histories are contained in the AIChE publications on Ammonia Safety Symposium, Loss Prevention, Chemical Engineering Progress, and Plant Operations Progress. The American Petroleum Institute also publishes a series of booklets on... 

Compounds 1,2,3,5,10,11,12,13,14 were dissolved in EPIP (diethyl ether, petroleum ether, isopropanol 5 5 2)whereas compounds 4,6,7,8,9,15 were dissolved in THF-DE (tetrahydrofurane, diethyl ether 1 1). These solvent mixtures can be frozen as glassy samples at 77 K. The absorption spectra were recorded on a standard spectrophotometer SF-10 or Beckman-5270. The measurements of fluorescence excitation and emission spectra were made with the aid of a spectrofluorometer SLM-4800 with automatic correction of spectral response. Fluorescence lifetimes were measured with the aid of a pulse fluorometer PRA-3000. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurements were carried out in a 8 kG magnetic field using a JASCO J-20 circular dichrometer. Triplet state formation was observed for investigated compounds at the experimental set up, whose detailed description can be found in our paper (27). The optical experiments were carried out with a porphyrin concentration of 4.10- - 4.10 mol.l". In NMR investigations (Bruker WM-360) we used higher concentrations ( 5.10" raol.l ) and dried solvents (CDCl, C 2 and toluene-d0). 

In parallel with an analytical and mathematical description of chemical reactors, we will attempt to survey the petroleum and chemical industries and related industries in which chemical processing is important. We can divide the major processes into petroleum refining, commodity chemicals, fine chemicals, food processing, materials, and pharmaceuticals. Their plant capacities and retail prices are summarized in Table 1-1. 

Proper description of the material being shipped is the first step which must be taken to ensure that fuels and oils are handled, shipped, stored, and used properly. A listing of the most commonly accepted names for a variety of petroleum products is provided in TABLE 10-1. 

Water White A description of the color of petroleum products which is equivalent to a rating of +21 or lighter in the Saybolt color scale. Water-white fuel components appear as clear liquids to the eye. 

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